Causes and Effects of Homework Essay

Homework is a thing that has been around for many years. While some assignments are big, and some are small, they both have one thing in common: they add a large amount of stress to the student’s life. Many things bring on homework: upcoming tests, grades, main ideas that must be learned. These are fair reasons to assign assignments, because they teach you new abilities and let you practice certain skills. With good reasons, there are unfair reasons as well. Teachers who have nothing better to do, students misbehaving, and students not reaching the desired stopping point in the teacher’s schedule. These causes put an abnormal amount of stress on the students. Read more:  How to write a good cause and effect essay. First, let’s focus on the good reasons. Homework can be a valuable tool in the teacher’s hands, but only if they know how to wield that tool properly. Giving students 2 hours of boring homework will not encourage the student to learn. They will just skim through, filling in the answers. On the other hand, if a teacher gives a one hour assignment that interesting and fun, then the student will be more enthusiastic about it, therefore absorbing the assignment instead of skimming over it. Homework allows the teacher additional time to teach the student. If certain skills are needed later on in life (or at least on the SAT exam), the homework would allow more time for the student to remember the skill. If there is an upcoming test (finals, SAT, etc.), assigning homework is a great way for the teacher make sure the student studies. With all of these benefits, there have to be some drawbacks. Teachers who assign a lot of homework, especially when it is due the next day, are feared. Students are stressed and can’t go into that teacher’s room without feeling dread at how long tonight’s assignment is going to take. One hour, two, or more? They wait in fear for the announcement of the homework assignment. After a grueling night of studying and writing, the students barely have enough time to sleep. They sleep in through their alarm, missing breakfast and their bus. Their parents have to drive their kids to school, which makes their parents mad at them, adding even more stress to the  students’ life. The student gets to school late, interrupting the class and receiving another tardy, and/or a detention. This puts them into a bad mood, and they can’t think about school because they are thinking about the detention. This leads to bad grades, more of their parents’ nagging, an d more stress on that individual’s life. See how one teacher’s long assignment can affect a student’s day. Terrible, isn’t it? While all of this stuff might not happen in a single day, some of it happens every day to a select few individuals. All of this can be avoided if plenty of time is given for each homework assignment, and if they are never due on Monday’s. If the teacher assigns the due date on Tuesday and reminds the class of it on Monday, the â€Å"I forgot it at home† excuse will no longer be valid. Overall, homework is a necessary evil; it teaches and gives you a headache at the same time. Some teachers should lighten up on the workload, especially math teachers. To sum everything up, a good analogy for homework is like taking prescription medication. A little is good for you, while an overdose can be a serious health risk.

Conflict critique

A conflict is a disagreement between individuals or groups which when remain unresolved, may need the intervention of a mediator to prevent escalation of the dispute. Conflict transformation on the other hand is when an individual mindset, attitude, skills and capabilities changes so they can deal with conflict resolution Issues. Indispensable in the process Is the modeling of spiritual lessons as taught In the Bible. In our everyday lives we face some kind of conflict this Is because we are surrounded by different individuals with different personalities and believe when efferent Individuals come together these personalities clash.The problem of conflict happens especially in schools and this Is why a course Like conflict transformation Is Important especially for school children. The course of conflict transformation seeks to provide students with knowledge and understanding of the nature of conflict. The course gives students ways of how they should manage conflict and successfull y deal with conflict In different circumstances. During this semester the course have thought me some valuable things such as: the nature and causes of conflict, we have articulated in different conflict situation, developed skills and attitude towards solving conflict.The different skills that I have learnt have brought transformation in my life. Before learning skills of which to deal with conflict my ways of handling conflict was unhealthy. Whenever I had an issue with someone I would blurt it out in front of a crowd instead of doing it in a peaceful and respectful way. I would not listen when persons try to come to an agreement but since I have been introduced to this course I have learnt how to handle my disputes in the right way. Great impact as been made in my personal life. Now I understand the nature of conflict and that emotions play an integral part in conflict.Usually I let my emotions take control of me during a conflict, but conflict transformation as thought me the sk ill of emotional intelligence. This is where you learn to control your emotions and do not let your emotions take control so to let you make wrong decisions without strong feelings. Anger is an emotion which when expressed, causes a person to acts out of character and sometimes loose self-control, resorting to verbally, emotionally, and sometimes hectically abusing another person or persons. Sometimes, anger may be expressed for self-defense and â€Å"righteous indignation. This is one emotion which I had problems with. When I was angry, my anger over powered my thoughts. Instead of letting an emotion like anger cloud my thoughts now, I control my feelings, express my emotions in a non-aggressive way. Another Impact the course had made In my personal life is that it reminded me of an Important thing, which I must learn and always do, listen. When you do not listen to Individuals you tend to misinterpret what they had said. This causes conflict and also put a halt In solving some co nflicts.Not listening caused me to be In many conflict In the past. I did not stop to listen and understand. I now listen to Individuals as to show them that I care, that I have respect for them In addition to showing them that I have Interest In the Issue at hand. Due to this course I am now a better person because my life has been transformed. It has made some significant impact on my life. To avoid conflict I 4)Attacking the person, not the problem 5)Establishing objectivity 6)Use of Sarcasm 7)Tone of voice. Instead of not caring and wasting time arguing I am now†¦ ) Being aware of the emotional atmosphere. 2) Being sensitive of what we say and how we say it. 3) Seeking to be a peacemaker. 4) Being willing to negotiate your position on an issue and show respect for the opinion of others. 5) Being compassionate. 6) Practicing fair play and objectivity. 7) Seeking to create a win-win situation in a conflict. I am glad I was able to do a course such as this because it has given me a new perceptive o how to deal with people. I now can make myself to be a healthy, kind hearted person in addition to helping others.

Practicum report sample for hotel and restaurant management Essay

COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT HRM 117- OJT in Hotel BSHM STUDENTS PRACTICUM EVALUATION FORM Aaron C. Magallon Student Front Office – Bell Service Department and Position DUSIT THANI MANILA Cooperating Hotel PERIOD COVERED: _________________________________ DIRECTION:The statement below represents the expected skills and other personal qualities of HM practicum students. Please rate the trainee accordingly by checking the appropriate box with the corresponding points relative to the acquired knowledge and skills. The five points Liker Scale below will guide in your rating. POINTS VERBAL INTERPRETATION EVALUATION SCALE GRADE 5 Excellent4.20-5.00 1.00 4Very Good (VG)3.40-4.19 1.25 3 Good (G)2.60-3.39 1.50 2 Fair (F)1.80-2.59 1.75 1 Poor (P)1.00-1.79 2.00 AREA 1: VOCATIONAL / TRADE SKILLS (25%) 5 4 3 2 1 1.1 Quality of work ability to meet Quality of Standards 1.2 Application of acquired knowledge and skills 1.3 Ability to use tools and equipment properly 1.4 Ability of work safety, effectively, and efficiency Weighted Mean AREA 2: WORK QUALITIES AND HABITS 5 4 3 2 1 2.1 Industry Personal application to assigned work 2.2 Reliability 2.3 Initiative 2.4 Punctuality 2.5 Ability to follow direction Weighted Mean AREA 3: PERSONAL AND SOCIAL QUALITIES 5 4 3 2 1 3.1 Cooperative-ability to work together with other people 3.2 Self-Control ability to control emotions 3.3 Poise-demonstrate level of self-confidence appropriate for the job 3.4 Reaction to advice and constructive criticism 3.5 Willingness to follow direction 3.6 Adaptability-capacity to adjust to new problem and changing situation Weighted Mean AREA 4: COMMUNICATION SKILLS 5 4 3 2 1 4.1 Ability in oral communication 4.2 Ability in written communication 4.3 Knowledge of vocabulary related to the job Weighted Mean AREA 5: PERSONAL RELATIONSHIP 5 4 3 2 1 5.1 Ability to work harmoniously with co-workers 5.2 Ability to work harmoniously with immediate supervisors Weighted Mean COMMENTS: ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Grand Mean: ________Equivalent Grade: ________ EVALUATOR Signature over Printed Name Noted by: MS. DULCE B. AURELIO Practicum Coordinator

Is the human security agenda influenced by nationalist political Essay

Is the human security agenda influenced by nationalist political ideologies based on fear Discuss in relation to Burma - Essay Example In view of this background, and in addition to the vast body of work which focused on the issues of human security, this research revolves around similar issues, fundamentally striving to sustain the hypothesis, whether or not the human security agenda in Burma, is influenced by nationalist political ideologies based on fear. In the process, various aspects concerning the issue of human security in relation to Burma are scrutinized, including, a deep rooted analysis of the persistent violence in the war torn country; the key reasons behind such clashes; the role of nationalist political ideologies in fuelling such persistent hostility as well as the issues and concerns regarding human security. Human Security, according to UNDP and World Bank (2004), means "freedom from pervasive threats to peoples rights, safety or lives; embraces the twin objectives of freedom from fear (referring to economic, health, environmental and other threats to peoples well being)."1 The issue of human security is a burgeoning paradigm for comprehending international susceptibilities whose advocates defy the conventional view of national security by contending that the appropriate testimonial for security should be the individual as opposed to the state. The ideology behind human security proposes that a people-centered outlook of security is crucial for ensuring national, regional and global stability. The notion primarily materialized from a post-Cold War, multi-punitive comprehension of security concerning a host of research areas, such as developmental studies, international human relations, tactical studies, as well as human rights. The widespread application of aggression, hostility, enforced labor, forced recruitment of children and forced immigration, acknowledged in large number of studies, conducted by various humanitarian organizations,

Autobiography of Rugby Player Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Autobiography of Rugby Player - Essay Example I was so afraid that I did not want to be at fault and be blamed by my teammates if the play fails. I feared to take the responsibility of helping the team because I feared to make a mistake and these were just practices. This aspect of my behavior defined all my first-year life at high school life. I stayed away from asking any question in class for I thought other students and the teacher could consider them too stupid and laugh at me. Nevertheless, I practiced daily and by the time I was home I was so exhausted. My fearful anticipation continued as I continued to be afraid to be given some playing minutes even in a situation that a player is injured even if there was daylight between the opponents and us on the scoreboard. The creams from the coaches and my colleagues made me scared how they could scream at me in the event I make a mistake. Sometimes I was the only option left for the coach at the bench and these fears came true as the scream that was coming from all sides of the pitch were so loud and many that I lost my concentration and these led me to make many more silly mistakes. But thanks to God, most of the time my mistakes did not have big impacts to the game outcome for I doubted I could ever go back to playing if another team beat us because of my mistake. Yet I often got a lot of blames and verbal lashing whenever we practiced for the mistakes I made. These situations did not help much as the only compounded my fears of playing. Luckily, I was not at fault all the times for on s ome occasions I made great plays that I was congratulated for. As I dawned on senior year of rugby, I was faced with starting positions and that made me felt like a whole changed person and helped in raising my confidence a lot. Rugby has taught me a lot over the years and the most important thing is that it taught me what it takes to succeed.     

LOVEThere are 5 parts to this, each part has to be a paragraph long I Essay

LOVEThere are 5 parts to this, each part has to be a paragraph long I will be sending each part one by one - Essay Example The story â€Å"Flapper† and the poem â€Å"where has the mother flown† have similar content or themes. One consistent theme that comes out is that of death. First is the disappearance of the wren’s parents leaving the chic’s to die, second, Bess’s and her sister’s husband die and in the end Bess’s sister dies of stroke. The poem also depicts the same theme with the disappearance of a lover over sixty years and the question of where Salvi, Philmoor, Baxton, Seddar and Clives mother have disappeared to. In terms of techniques we can identify flashback as having being used consistently in both pieces, oxymoron- such as â€Å" she was a young girl at 85† and similes such as â€Å" deaf as a rock† have also been extensively used. The two poems use flashback as a dominant technique for example in the poem â€Å"by the Duomo† the phrase â€Å"27, a child, he reminds me of Kenny’s older brother, whom I met In a gay bar in ’67.† In the poem, â€Å" In the Duomo Museum† the phrase â€Å"am reminded of Betty Jean in ’76, Her agonized rant Of Scripture and Obscenity†¦Ã¢â‚¬  also shows use of flashback. The dominant theme that can be found in the two poems is romance or love. Another similarity is that the two poems end with an aspect of separation with the characters going opposite ways. The difference that can be spotted in these two poems is in terms of techniques where the poem â€Å"By the Duomo† uses Rhyme in the phrases â€Å"Innocently, Cheerfully,† and the first phrase â€Å"27†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and â€Å"†¦ ‘67† while the second poem has no rhyme. Sonnet 18 and Sonnet 130 are two quite different poems though with the same theme. In the first poem Shakespeare describes his love in a straight forward way and adores the beauty. His lover has many good qualities that cannot be found under the sun. The poem introduces the aspect of immortality where Shakespeare sees his lover alive in the lines of the poem even

Film Analysis of Some Like it Hot Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Film Analysis of Some Like it Hot - Movie Review Example They have to dress and act like girls. Although they start liking the female members of the band, they cannot tell them so since they are not willing to reveal their identity. Joe is in love with a band member called sugar. On the other hand, a millionaire called Osgood Fielding wants a relationship with Daphne and even invites him on a yacht. Though not openly stated, the theme of politics is somehow featured in the movie. The changed identity is depictive of how politicians change when they are elected. They forget what they are supposed to represent and start focusing on their own selfish issues. Just like, Joe and Daphne managed to conceal their identity and convince people that they were female. Politicians possess several identities, which they adopt depending on where they are. At times, they use their multiple identities to deceive people (Wilder, Castle and Auiler 66-71, 81-83). 2. Does the film’s maker (writer, director) have their own unique point of view on the pol itics and/ or cultural life in the 1950s if so, what is it? Explain. Although the movie was set when issues such as sexuality were not serious, the movie features these themes. The filmmakers of I like it Hot have a unique point of view regarding cultural life. A good example is shown when Osgood falls in love with Jerry thinking that he is a woman. However, when Osgood realizes Jerry is a man, he does not care. This is a unique outlook on the issue of homosexuality. Anybody would have expected Osgood to avoid Jerry’s company completely, considering the movie was shot in 1950’s. A period when few would publicly acknowledge they were gay. Another unique outlook that the makers of some like it hot demonstrate is on the first glance appearances. Most of the characters adopt a deceptive attitude, which is revealed later. Jerry and Joe pretend to be male and through them, the true nature of characters such as Sugar and Osgood are revealed. Through Joe we learn of Sugars yea rning for money. Through Jerry, Osgood is revealed as being heterosexual (Wilder, Castle and Auiler 112-118). 3. Does this movie have messages or themes? Identify them. Do you think that the movie’s themes and messages still relevant to audiences of 2012? Why or why not? Explain. The movie â€Å"Some Like it Hot† was remarkably ahead of time. It features themes on issues that are being witnessed in the contemporary society. In the movie, there is an issue of a man wanting to marry another man knowingly. This is quite similar to the recent happenings regarding gay marriages. The issue has been viewed with suspicion with most people opposing it utterly. In addition to sexuality, the movie features the issues of sexism and cross-dressing, which are concerns of the modern society. As the movie uncovers the difficult role that women were supposed to play are revealed (Wilder, Castle and Auiler 200-205). Another theme is the theme of sex, gender confusion. Jerry pretends to be female to appoint where he appears confused about his real identity. This theme would apply in the contemporary society where people appear unsure about their sexuality. Some people opt to go undergo surgery to alter their sexuality hoping to escape from the problems associated with certain gender. Although Jerry and Joe alter their gender for different reasons, their reluctant to revel their identity reflects the contemporary sex identity conflicts. Another theme feature in the movie is the theme of crime. Joe and Jerry are running away from a mob that

Introduction to Finance Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Introduction to Finance - Coursework Example The business has significant operations in the US and in recent years it has meaningfully extended its operations to Africa, Asia and South America. In addition, it has expanded its operations in Europe (BBA Aviation website). The following are the reasons for considering an investment in BBA Aviation equity. Firstly, the company’s revenues have remained relatively stable (flat). It has grown its net income from $110.6M in 2013 to $138.5 million in 2013, a pattern that will continue in the future. Secondly, the company has generated positive cash flows, and it is likely to continue generating cash flow. Finally, the company is rich with tangible assets, primarily in the form of property, plant and equipment that total $0.557 billion (BBA Aviation financial statements). According to Michael Bow, a reporter at City A.M. this provides an excellent hedge against the risk of inflationary effects of the monetary policies of the Bank of England. AstraZeneca Plc is a global biopharmaceutical firm that discovers manufactures and sells prescription medicine for areas such as neuroscience, cardiovascular, infection, oncology, gastrointestinal, and respiratory and inflammation (AstraZeneca Plc website). The company continues to grow despite the difficult financial situation because it operates a range of marketing, production and R&D facilities worldwide. The company’s long term sales grow at a rate more than 7 percent while its earnings per share is growing at an average rate of 19.9%. The company again possesses a strong balance sheet with a total of $10.013 billion in cash and short term investment. It has a long term debt of only $ 8,588 million (Financial times). The cash flows of the company are constant because the demand for medicine is always stable as many customers need to repeat-purchase. The company’s new management has ended its share buyback programme and focused on acquiring companies

Whole life paper. Electricl engineer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Whole life paper. Electricl engineer - Essay Example Having been good in mathematics and physics at A levels greatly generated my interest in electrical engineering and I made my final decision in becoming an electrical engineer in future. I used to spend most of time in the laboratory trying to connect circuits and learning more about electronics. As I was in high school we came across this challenging situation with my fellow students. While doing our practical assignment in one our physics laboratory class it happened that the systems stopped working despite the fact that the electric bulbs were still on. No one could figure out what was happening and our assignment was almost due in time and neither the teacher nor the technician could be reached. With my interest and passion in electricity I decided to handle the assess the situation with an intention of resolving the problem. I noted that the fuse had blown off and managed to replace it with a spare. Since then I realized that I had the capacity to handle electronics and also rea lized my positive attitude toward the subject. Working with electrons has been wonderful in my education as have always wondered how electronic engineers have changed these positron antiparticles to transform diverse fields such as robotics, acoustics and medicine, as stated by Cheng (67). These phenomenal developments by the electrical engineers have helped me understand my passion in engineering as well as increased my ambition to join them in changing lives. In addition, the values I learnt from m father who was also an electrical engineer have helped me greatly. For instance, through his dedication to the job, enjoyment and positive attitude towards it helped grow my passion in this career. My undoubted experience during high school, university and during internships has helped understand better my passion for engineering. Nevertheless, my unquestionable courage to handle challenges while at school has increased my understanding of the passion I have in this career. Being hardwo rking and daring in facing challenges is part of my strengths which have influenced my understanding of the passion I have in the field. Being an optimistic, hardworking and goal driven individual clearly sets out my experience, values and strengths in engineering different from that of others. For instance, I used to company my dad to his working cites since I was young and from him I learnt a lot about this field. Similarly, having been the best student in physics in high school my tutors sometimes would give me a contract to work for them and this increased my experience. My teamwork values as well as my innovative skills also set me different from other people in this field. For instance, during my education I liked working with groups because I knew my skills and knowledge would help others in my filed. Similarly, my strengths in facing challenges without fear also makes me different from others given the fact that electricity is very dangerous when improperly handled (Moaveni and Sharma, 121) Impact Some of my goals include the following: To reduce environmental pollution by 30 percent in the next five years to come: I will ensure this by coming up with a model that reduces the amount of heat released to the atmosphere by the use of electricity. To raise the living standards of the communities living in the rural areas. I hope to achieve this by designing equipment that are portable, more energy efficient and use solar. To contribute in the improvement of healthcare. I hope to achieve this by innovatively designing better electronic machines which can detect people’s heath problems in the shortest time possible. Emerging Global,

Cyber Crimes Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Cyber Crimes - Research Paper Example Other than these crimes, there is also a breach of privacy in which a person’s confidential information becomes compromised, which in legal parameters is unlawful. A majority of those found to engage in cyber crimes is normally between the age of fifteen and twenty-fivein which they find themselves serving time at correctional facilities when found guilty of the offense. Cyber crimes have both international and local engagements in which a government may choose to do so through spying on other governments or by non-state actors who may use these avenues to conduct financial theft (Girard 399). In essence, cyber crimes may also be an inter border in which the efforts to apprehend those involved in this economic crippling activity may spread across international boundaries hence becoming cyber warfare. With this, this essay will delve into cyber crimes and the laws that are in existence surrounding cyber crimes. The emphasis will also be on various cyber crimes that have gained international recognition across nations that have a direct correlation to business organizations. Description of Cyber crimes Ideally, cyber crimes have attracted immense costs to institutions and individuals alike in recent times making it to be of the most expensive crimes to exist for the current generation. On the contrary, cyber crimes is a term that serves as an umbrella to a wider range of activities that may include those that target computers and those that target computer networks and devices (Brenner 39). Principally, cyber crimes that target computer devices or their networks include viruses, malicious software (Malware) while those that may originate from computer devices or networks include fraud, information warfare, and identity theft among a list of other documented crimes (Turrini & Ghosh 51). On the contrary, the Department of Justice in the USA recognizes computer crime to exist in a category of three in which a computer may be the prime target for cybercrime or as a tool for conducting the offense. Thirdly, a computer or its network may be applicable in executing the crime as a tool for storing stolen information making it an accessory to these crimes. According to research, those that conduct cyber crimes who happen to be teenagers do not have to have manyskills in order to do this because the tools used in hacking into computer systems are readily available on the internet. Most of these crimes begin as pranks in which these youngsters may view the shutting down of websites as a joke without having the knowledge that these activities are illegal. Other than being hackers, people and children that fall within the 15-24 age brackets also find themselves engaging with crooks online who give out information to them about the ways of shutting down the online operations of certain companies. Therefore, those that commit cyber crimes may either download the software that are essential in committing these crimes or may acquire links to sites th at may offer them pointers on how to commit the crimes effectively. On the other hand, some sections of the media have also praised cyber crimes portraying computer criminals as people that can liberate society from oppression similar to the legendary story of Robin Hood. According to the Interpol, cyber crimes have been on an increasing trend in recent years as compared to other intellectual crimes across the globe. With the increase in internet speed options, anonymity

What caused the French revolution Research Paper

What caused the French revolution - Research Paper Example On the other hand, â€Å"the nobility were exempt from taxation; the clergy were entitled to the privilege of taxing themselves, in the form of free gifts†¦ [and all these were for the] benefit of the privileged classes, and to the detriment of the people† (Mignet 4). Such prevailing conditions, which did not change for many generations, created a deep-rooted resentment in the minds of the common people. On 14th July 1789, few people from the working classes and a handful of soldiers took control of the famous prison of Bastille in Paris, which soon changed the entire history of France. A number of underlying factors triggered the seizing of Bastille, of which the chief ones were, persistently increasing taxes (the economic factor), the Old Regime (the social factor), and to a certain extent philosophical inspiration from Enlightenment theories and the American Revolution. However, the more apparent and immediate reasons that triggered the revolution were increasing price s of food items (bread), removal of third estate from the meeting hall and Louis XVI’s ordering of Swiss guards into Paris. Here the most important factors were the economic and social causes related to the Old Regime. France at that time was socially categorized into three different estates. The first estate comprised of high-ranking religious leaders or clergymen, who had the privilege of paying no taxes to the monarchic government. The second estate comprised of nobility that were primarily landowners and paid no direct taxes. The third estate, which comprised of the rest of the population (the urban middle class, the urban lower class, and the farmers), paid all the taxes. Thus, the ones that had the least, paid the maximum taxes (royal taxes, feudal taxes, and even work related taxes) and through this process lost almost half of what they earned as wages (Frey and Frey 2). During this time, France suffered a series of defeats against Britain in various battles, which pla ced a huge burden of debt on France. It caused a fall in public morale and increasing social unrest owing to the increasing economic pressure on the common people (pressure to increase the revenue to service the debt). The third estate that was already paying high taxes was further burdened with more, and with the second estate refusing to pay any form of taxes, the situation turned worse. With expenditure being more than the revenue, King Louis XVI decided to hold all reforms and did nothing to improve the worsening situation (Frey and Frey 3). Another factor that triggered the French revolution was the American Revolution, which showed how absolute monarchy could be overthrown and democracy established. The third important factor was the various philosophical teachings and writings of this era (the era of Enlightenment), such as, writings of John Locke, a philosopher whose works advocated freedom from persecution. An increasing number of French citizens became influenced by notion s of natural rights (humanitarianism, fraternity, liberty, and equality) and the rather ambiguous notions of State based Contract theory, as conceptualized by  Turgot, Diderot, Voltaire, other  social scientists and philosophers of  the Enlightenment era (Peyre, 63-65). The  American Revolution  showed that it was actually possible to use Enlightenment theories to make a government function effectively (Mackey, 57). Some of the American revolutionary leaders, such as,  Benjamin Franklin  had spent a great deal of time in Paris and mixed liberally with the intellectual society in France. Besides this, long-term contact between French army and American revoluti

My Forest Essay Example for Free

My Forest Essay Forests are a treasure of tranquility, a symbol of integrity, source of diversity and a place of unity. We can find plenty of flora, fauna, trees, animals, birds and species living together with abounding love in the forest. Mixed fragrance, pure air, healthy herbals, roaring streams, descending falls and moving beings make a forest a lively playground of peace. Above all, its serene presence always leads into a celestial experience of all who enter in and experience it. This essay is an exploration of the contribution of forests to the welfare of humankind, and human response to forests in order to understand the present scenario and reflect on the future of human-forest relationship. Forest as thriller From my childhood onwards I was indoctrinated about forests through various ways. Most of my childhood bedtime stories started with â€Å"there was a deep forest in which†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In addition, heroic adventures and especially thrillers are shown in movies from forest contexts. Christian missionary organisations often portrayed forests and tribal people more like people who were in danger with evil beasts, living in a threatened environment. In addition, Indian literatures mostly portrayed forests as appropriate places for hermits and as a place for divine mediation to escape from the chaos of this world. Being fed with this kind of imagery, I was led into believing that people who lived in forests, particularly tribes, lacked any culture. So on the whole, I was partially educated that forest is a dangerous place and the people who were living in forests were also dangerous. These kinds of notions and inputs led me into a kind of anti-forest sentiments until I took my intensive fieldwork in Similipal forest range in Orissa in August 2007. The 25 days stay at Similipal forest range and a life in the forest with the people of the forest changed my perception about forests and helped me to live and experience the real situation, rather than living in a strange imagination. Forest as Martyr Forest always stands for human welfare and benefit. Everything found in the forest is used by human beings for sustaining their lives. For example, major deforestation took place in India beginning from 1853 to start railways; numerous trees have been cut down to make â€Å"sleepers† and simultaneously used for fuel too. Flowers, fruits, roots, leaves, stems, and seeds, everything have been given to human, but the question persists, as to why human are concentrating on cutting trees, and destroying their lives? Trees have life by themselves; they live, bloom, and grow; how unethical is human attitude towards trees in the forests! We, who cal ourselves educated people, need to learn something from the people living at the grassroots. The Dheevar caste of Bhandara district of Maharashtra never catch fish going upstream on spawning migration, although they are exhausted and easy to catch. There are entire sacred groves and ponds in which no plant or animal is damaged. 1 During my fieldwork with tribal people in Similipal forest range and throughout our stay, we could not get milk for consumption, though there were numerous cows found around. Once, we asked a lady who owned two cows, â€Å"Did you get milk from cow? Immediately she replied, â€Å"How can I get milk from the cow? Cow’s milk is the life of its calves and it is unethical to suck one’s life to nourish ourselves. † I then understood why they didn’t drink cow’s milk; they were only using cow dung as manure in their fields. It is very important for us as literate human generation to ethically look into the issue of deforestation; we have been taking each and every product of the trees, we have been cutting the generous friend, God given gift, that is, the tree itself, out of our utter selfishness. Certainly, we should regard all the trees as martyrs as we get rains through them, we get good air through them, good food through them, and so on. On the whole, when we acknowledge the sacrifice of trees simultaneously, it is our commitment to save and sustain their life in order to create a greener and healthier world. Forest as healer Human atrocities over nature have increased, consequently, human and the earth, both have become ill. Climate change is one of the worst effects in this regard. It is the time to heal our earth as well as the human generation. When South Asian Tsunami devastated South Asia in 2004, the major reason found for the damage was, the eradication of mangroves forests and coral reefs in the sea shore area by the shrimp industries. Now the Government and NGOs are planting mangroves and making coral reefs in the sea shore. From this example it is very clear that tress are not only martyrs, but also the healers. If we grow trees we will get good rain, we will be saved from tsunami and thus save the world from climate change. Trees and forests are the hope of the world; they heal human, enrich their life experience and give them peace. Poet and Zen master Thich Nhat Hanh from Vietnam, who was nominated for Nobel Peace Prize by Martin Luther King Jr. , in his book Touching Peace, Practicing the Art of Mindful Living, describes a human-nurturing tree-ritual: Ten years ago, I planted three beautiful Himalayan cedars outside my hermitage [in France], and now, whenever I walk by one of them, I bow, tough its bark with my cheek, and hug it. As I breathe in and out mindfully, I look at its branches and beautiful leaves. I receive a lot of peace and sustenance from hugging trees. Touching a tree gives both, you and the tree great pleasure. Trees are beautiful, refreshing, and old. When you want to hug a tree, it will never refuse. You can rely on trees. I have even taught my students the practice of tree hugging †¦In the same way we touch trees, we can touch ourselves and others, with compassion. 2 Yes, trees are our friends. They listen to us, care for us, speak to us through their soft leaves, kiss us with beautiful flowers and feed us with kindness through their fruits. How sweet it is! Conclusion The main challenge is to connect human and forest. The social understanding and the so called development theories have clearly divided people from forest. It is very important for people to understand that forests are part of our world and that they should be taken care of by us. For example, my stay at Similipal forest range in August 2007 was quite strange and scintillating. Deep forest, no mobile phone tower or television, low voltage power; just a transistor, which received programmes from All India Radio,3 and a few people. Every night when I went to sleep, I often checked my bed and nearby places fearing the presence snakes. That much did I feel uncomfortable, and filled with hatred towards the forest. However, after 25 days, I realised that it was the most peaceful place in the world; a pure world of nature, and people with nature, and this learning experience led me to care for trees, because of which I am now concerned about nature. This is the real scenario of 75%-90% population of India towards the forest. This is my sincere suggestion that the Government and institutions should concentrate on their youngsters and teach them the reality of forest and its life and work for humanity. If they witness this truth no one would harm trees and they would promote forestation and also begin to nurture nature. Practically speaking, school and college children should be taken into the forests and given a chance to explore its beauty and appreciate its nobility from their childhood, through excursions, study trips and picnics. Misinterpretations and wrong indoctrinations about forests ought to be stopped. Only the tourism department of India is advertising Indian forests to foreign tourists to generate wealth but local people are poorly aware or informed of forest tourism. This has to be rectified. Media, such as newspapers, radio, television, and so on, promote the importance of forests throughout their programmes. Tribal people and their good social values nd practices need to be imparted to the mainstream. Philosophical and religious understanding of forests should be reconstructed with optimism and hope. Above all, as committed human we should spend much time in promoting forestation and eradicating deforestation collectively. I believe these that things would create a greener environment and help us to enhance the existing forests and to create more. To conclude, I would like to say that, when we enjoy forests and its resources we should always remember our responsibility of caring for forests and pass it to the coming generations, inviting them to express their solidarity with us in this noble mission. In a nutshell, the idea of forest as a thriller should be enjoyed, forest as martyr should be remembered, and forest as healer should be practiced.

Extra Pulmonary Small Cell Carcinoma of Tongue

Extra Pulmonary Small Cell Carcinoma of Tongue

Economic Benefits of the Commonwealth Games: Manchester

Economic Benefits of the Commonwealth Games: Manchester Economic benefits that Manchester gained by hosting the Commonwealth Games 2002 This paper discusses Manchester’s hosting of the 2002 Commonwealth games, and how it was used as a catalyst for urban regeneration. It discusses the theory and history behind hosting Mega events.  The rationale behind cities bidding for mega events has shifted. They bid not only to raise the image of their city on the world stage, button use the new facilities as a catalyst for urban regeneration. The Manchester case study is drawn from the local council websites and reports published during and after the event. This gave an insight into the long term economic gains for the city. The paper concludes that the hosting and the urban regeneration were successful for Manchester. This success has promoted other cities to bid for Mega events. 2.0 Introduction There are three advents that are described as mega events, the Football world cup, the Olympic and Commonwealth games. These events are held every four years, with cities around the world bidding to host them. For the purpose of this paper the discussion will be on the Olympic and Commonwealth games. The main Focus will be on Manchester hosting of the2002 Commonwealth games. Mega events as steeped in tradition, they are a platform for host cities to show what they can do. Cities plan for them years in advance, putting their bid forward so they can succeed on the world’s stage. When a city is successful in a bid, there are other cities that are disappointed. This paper discusses Manchester’s successful Commonwealth games bid after two failed Olympic bids. When a city hosts a Mega event it is in the public eye, everybody remembers the spectacle of the opening and closing ceremonies. What is not so public is all the planning behind the scenes, committing resources to the success of the games. These resources are committed at an early stage; the bid has to be viable to be considered. The rational for hosting games has shifted from the prestige associated with the attention of the world’s media, to a tool for regenerating rundown areas of the host city. Therefore the planning of the venues has shifted from temporary buildings, to long term facilities for the local communities. Some cities hosting mega events are looking at the long term usage for the new facilities after the event, in the past a lot of these buildings were built as temporary structures and pulled down shortly after the closing ceremony. This is viewed by some commentators as waste of resources, with prolonging the life of these buildings cities, can benefit long after the games are finished. This shift has attracted new cities to bid for Mega events, with the justification that it will lead to economic growth both short and long-term. The benefit can be two fold, raising the image of the city and regenerating a rundown area. Although not all host cities have been successful at obtaining growth, some are still repaying the debt that was run up to host the games. The resources that each city has ploughed into holding these prestige games are immense. To succeed they require the backing of local residents, council, sports providers, grants, the government and their agencies. This should be incorporate at the planning stage to increase the chance of a successful bid. The value to local residents of a city hosting a mega event is immense in economic terms. It is not only the new facilities that can generate income, if the games are a success, the city can attract tourism long after the event. The games cannot be viewed in isolation of the sporting stage, there is the build-up to the bid, the planning of hosting the games and the long term value they van add to the city. All these factors make up a successful mega event bid. Manchester spent a long time planning for the games. This is illustrated in the time line that appears in the appendices of this paper. This was not an easy ride, as financial problems affected the plans. Manchester overcame these and held the 2002 Commonwealth games. 3.0 Aims and objectives The aim of this paper is to assess the economic impact of cities hosting mega event; this will concentrate on the 2002 common wealth games held in Manchester. The objectives are †¢Ã‚  An in depth analysis of the history of mega events, with the resources and planning to host such an event   †¢Ã‚  An analysis of the economic benefits that can be gained and the disadvantages of hosting a major sporting event. 4.0 Methodology This chapter discusses the research methods used for the project and the rationale for their choice. It discusses methods that were not used, with justification of why they were not included.  Included is a critique of methods selected, and with hindsight identifies any changes that would have enhanced the research.   This paper critically evaluates the impact of the 2002 Commonwealth games on the city of Manchester. This paper will investigate the economic impact of a mega event and the subsequent urban regeneration. This will be compared to other host cities, both with the Commonwealth and Olympic games. Selection of the topic was stimulated and formed out of heightened publicity on the topic. The aim of holding the games was not only publicity for the city but to use it as a tool of urban regeneration. The nature of the research was discussed with colleagues and fellow students this not only added practical ideas and suggestions, it opened new avenues of thought.  This was the discussed with lecturers sounding out ideas, gauging opinions and clarifying the question.  Focusing in on the question was obtained by employing relevance trees, narrowing the research area.  This gave direction to the research, although with reviewing the literature this changed several times (Buzau, J. 1995).   Next, a research proposal was compiled, with the benefit of organising ideas and setting a time-scale for research.  Theoretically, the proposal would highlight any difficulties with the research question and access to data.  Creating a time-scale would focus on targets and meet deadlines in the completion of the paper.   The literature review, discussing theories and ideas that exist on the topic formed the foundation of the paper.  The findings from the research are then tested on theories for validity (Saunders, M. et al1997).  The literature review was challenging, there is very little academic research on the topic area. Most of the literature focused on individual’s performances at the games, and the impact of hosting the Olympic Games. This information proved relevant in understanding the justification for bidding for mega events. Journals and newspaper articles were the back bone for the review, together with internet sites and reports. Tertiary data sources, such as library catalogues and indexes were used to scan for secondary data.  This produced journals and newspaper articles, and Internet addresses.  With the amount of literature, it took time to sort out relevant material to the research.  Narrowing down the search Bell’s (1993) six point’s parameters was applied.  Applying key words that were identified in the first search produced relevant and up-to-date material (Bell, J.1993).  A limitation on the literature search was the amount of time to read all articles and books on the subject. Whilst reviewing the literature references to other publications were followed and reviewed.  Bells checklist on identifying the relevance of literature found was a practical method to reduce the amount of reading (Bell, J. 1993). A case study on the impact on the city of Manchester of the 2002Commonwealth games was chose to replace primary research. This would report the actual benefits gained by staging such a major event. There is a lot of information presented in articles on the benefits of hosting Mega games, but little on the problems.  Therefore a lot of information was rejected due to the bias of the content. Articles and web sites were used to form a picture of the impact. This would then be compared with the literature and previous host cities To produce primary data the success of a mega event proved to be vast task, taking a lot of time to produce results. Internal and external operations of several organisations, providers, spectators and competitors would have to be compared to reach any level of validity. Instead it was decide to review a case study. This was then compared to the literature review. 5.0 Literature Review This section will review all the relevant literature on mega events, including cities that have bid and hosted them together with the history of the games. The review will also discuss the rationale behind bidding and the benefits it can bring to a City who hosts an mega event. 5.1 Mega Events Mega events are regularly defined as special events, these have unique status. Hamilton, (1997) characterise these events containing similar features, including international dimensions, short-termed, and may be either a one-off occurrence or conducted on a regular cycle. From the literature, size emerges as a dominant distinguishing feature separating mega from non-mega events. Both the Olympics and the commonwealth games fall into this category, they are international, short termed and held on a regular cycle. They are held every four years, at different locations (Hamilton, L 1997:124). Sporting events are rapidly increasing in popularity as a means of attracting attention to particular geographic locations (Getz, 1998).Increasingly, cities are basing their marketing around Mega events(e.g. Manchester and the Commonwealth Games), in order to maximise the benefits to be achieved from event-driven tourism, sponsorship, and media exposure. Sporting events make up an important part of the overall Mega event industry. In reality there are a limited number of Mega sporting events that exist. This has led to fierce competition among cities to be successful in winning the business of playing event host (Getz, (1998) cited in  Westerner, H et al 2002:303). 5.2 Resources Required The size of an event can be discussed in four different ways. First is determined by the noticeable involvement of national and regional government authorities. Government agencies provide an event with the development of policies, infrastructure or making resources available supporting the attraction of events to major cities  (Westerner, H teal 2002). Higher technical competencies are required, such as advanced facilities, suitable event location and skilled personnel; these are directly related to size of the event. The demands placed on services provided by host cities to deliver an event is of superior quality when compared to other event types. The technical competencies must satisfy number of requirements. This includes the technical standards set by international federations pertaining to competition, non-competition elements (accommodation and transport) and personnel issues competition management, and personnel issues  (Westerner, H et al 2002). The higher competencies are a requirement for the event management team, made up of both bid and operational teams, it is composed of expert people capable of carrying out professional relations with event owners and organisers prior to and throughout the event as well as having the technical expertise to stage the event  (Westerner, H et al2002). The hosting City requires broad support from both direct and indirect stakeholders. Overall approval must come from the general public, government, (target) markets and other business sectors. The large amount of capital invested from the public purse in bidding for and staging an event, it is essential for strong community support for the process (Ernst Young, (1992) cited in  Westerner, H et al2002:305). 5.3 Planning for the Games International and worldwide events are more important now than ever before. In most countries major events are significant to all levels of society and institutions, whether at local or national level. Sporting events dominate large sections of the press, television and radiobroadcasts. Therefore event management has become an industry in its own right, with both specialist organisations and individuals(Torkildson, G 2005). The decision making process for the bid will develop a long term strategic plan (Johnson G, , Scholes, K 2004). This strategy is the direction and capacity of an organisation, (i.e. the committee forth games) which achieves advantages through its configuration of resources within the changing environment. The strategy answers both the questions where do you want to go? and how do you want to get there?  The first question is answered when the bid is accepted and the second is answered when the strategies are planned (Mullins L2005). Planning is the first stage of implementing the development of the city for the capacity to hold the games. Managers are required to step back to look at the environment, competitors, market place and review both the internal and external strengths and weaknesses. A SWOT analysis will focus the managers on both internal and external factors that can affect a new strategy. The host city must recognise its strengths and utilise them, and reduce weak areas through planning (Groucutt, J. teal 2004). Managerial decisions are made to identify what is required to implement the new strategy. What are the new resources are required? I.e. Property, finance or employees, and how will the city gain these resources?  Then the risk should be assessed for its long term value to the host. Strategies should not only be considered on how they will affect existing resource capabilities, but also if needed new resources and how they will be controlled. The costs to the host should be weighed against the long term gains, and if needed it can be reviewed, accessed and amended accordingly (G, Johnson K, Scholes, 2004). Mega Events are a dynamic and multi-dimensional phenomena, there are at the same time, urban events, tourist events, media events and international global events. They are the subject of collective corporate recourse, with action in each of the sections. Therefore amulet dimensional approach is required in the planning and managing of the games. This requires multi-disciplinary team based approach(Torkildson, G 2005).   5.4 Marketing Kilter et al (1993) identify several target markets to which place marketers direct their attention. These include visitors’ athletes, officials, spectators and the media, residents and workers, business and industry, and export markets. The focus of sporting events is on the visitor segment, including business and non-business visitors. Business visitors include persons who travel to a place for meetings, conventions, to inspect sites or to buy or sell a product. Non-business visitors include tourists who travel to see the place and travellers who are visiting family and friends. Individuals travelling to particular destination to attend the event or teams and participants attending events as well as organizing committees and such can also be categorized as non-business visitors (Kilter, P et al 1993). The increase in the competition and the globalisation has not only saturated the extent of competition in the markets but mainly saturated the target markets itself as argued by Brassington and Pettit (2003).This is mainly because of the fact that the high level of competition among the participating organisations in a given market segment has increased the product range leaving the customers with an endless variety of products to choose for satisfying their requirements. This level of saturation has also increased the need for further development in the market in order to achieve competitive advantage as well as sustainable growth in the business (Brassington, F and Pettit, S 2003). Therefore mega events will if correctly marketed stand alone as a once only product. This product offers a unique entry into a market, there is little comparative competition, although all sport and leisure will compete for their market share. Although a Mega event is no normally at the same level as the existing competition. This approach is accomplished through the geographical spread either nationally or internationally by the host (Lynch, R 2003). The domestic and/or international media, coupled with the selling of broadcasting rights, are important characteristics of mega events The support of the media prior to or during an event guarantees exposure and consequently raises world-wide awareness of the event and host city. The 2000 Olympics in Sydney generated in excess of $1.3 billion in revenue from broadcasting the Games, indicating the substantial financial returns for event owners, organisers and the host city brought about by media support for the event ( Westerner, H et al2002). 5.5 Sponsorship Corporate sponsorship of sports and other events is one of the fastest growing forms of marketing communications used to reach target audiences. The rate of growth in sponsorship expenditures is greater than for traditional media advertising and sales promotion. Corporate spending on sponsorship worldwide was estimated to grow 12 present in2001 (Roy, D and Cornwell, T 2003). Sponsorship is viewed as a means of avoiding this clutter by enabling sponsors to identify and target well-defined audiences in terms of demographics and lifestyles. Linking a brand with an event via sponsorship enables firms to gain consumers attention and interest by associating with events that are important to them. Despite the increased use of sponsorship to reach market segments there has been little research on the impact of sponsorship on consumer behaviour(Roy, D and Cornwell, T 2003). While sports sponsorship activities range from providing athletes with uniforms to funding entire stadiums, the basic principle behind such sponsor ships appears to be their proposed ability to increase brand equity by means of enhancing brand image. There are several key goals associated with corporate sponsorship of events such as (1) enhanced brand image via associations with positively perceived events; (2)increased goodwill via perceptions of corporate generosity; and (3)elevated brand awareness due to increased exposure (Miyazaki, A and Morgan, A 2001). The high prices paid for Olympic sponsorships reveals that at least some organisations find these efforts to be worthwhile. This is illustrated by comments from top corporate officials that the Olympics are â€Å"the most important marketing opportunity of the decade† and management suggestions that this investment will heighten global recognition and increase revenue (Miyazaki, A and Morgan, A 2001:9). 5.6 Tourism In the 1980s and 1990s, political, economic, and technological developments that led to the global economy became a feature of the environment within which cities compete for economic growth. This trade in goods and services has become increasingly open and internationally competitive; cities had to compete with cities from around the world for investment capital, businesses, and tourists. Cities such as New York, London, and Tokyo have become â€Å"global or world† cities in the urban hierarchy. These cities contain the largest variety of cultural and entertainment facilities of the highest quality, such as museums, galleries, opera houses, theatres, and concert halls (Burbank, J et al2002) Therefore other cities are a disadvantage when competing for tourism. The pursuit of hosting a mega-event is a mechanism for economic growth. This strategy relies on obtaining a single event large enough to be seen as a way to generate future economic growth. Many events can bring tourists and attention to a city, but the mega-events sufficiently large that it creates a single focal point and timeframe for completing event-related development. It is also noted that stadiums and sports teams are luxuries that financially strapped cities can ill afford; therefore holding a mega event can provide the city with these facilities for the future (Burbank, J et al 2002) The number of tourists to an area where a mega event is due to take place increases.  Individuals are drawn to destinations because of omega (sporting) event rather than the region itself. For example, tourism estimates of visits to Sydney between 1997 and 2004, as direct response to the Olympic Games, have been set at 1.7 million. Actual visits for the period during 2000 have been estimated to be 20 percent of this total (Forecast, 2001). Arising from the growth of the tourism industry has been an emphasis on place (or city) marketing and promotion and the emergence of mega sporting events to support and enhance this promotion. Place marketing represents the techniques utilised by certain organisations to raise the awareness of their particular destination to specified target markets.  Promotional objectives relate to capturing the attention of international visitors and to providing information in an endeavour to entice them to travel to a specific destination (Moutinho, L and Wits 1994). 5.7 Attendance of Events A standard set of economic factors would be expected to affect demand for attendance. Price of admission and, more generally, the opportunity cost of attendance (including cost of travel, car parking, food and beverages at the venue, and programme), would be predicted to be negatively related to attendance. Income of the potential audience at sporting contest, and size of population in the potential market for contest, would be expected to be related positively to attendance. Availability and price of substitutes would also influence attendance. Some substitutes might be considered â€Å"direct†, such as the live broadcast of the event. Other substitutes will be â€Å"indirect†, for example, attending a different sporting event or contest; or other types of entertainment alternatives such as theatre or movies (Borland and  Macdonald, R 2003) Macroeconomic factors could have an impact on attendance such as threat of unemployment. Although it has been suggested that attendance at sporting events may constitute a social outlet for unemployed persons, therefore the attendance is higher as the rate of unemployment increases (Borland, J and  Macdonald, R 2003) The infrastructure of the venue has a direct impact on attendance to the events. The quality of viewing, the facilities at the stadium, the quality of seating; the impact of adverse weather conditions; distance from contest and extent of vision to different parts of the sporting field. Catering and bathroom facilities can also have an impact(Borland, J and  Macdonald, R 2003) 5.8 Economic Benefits The national government’s involvement in bringing events to a city is on the increase. The level of spending dedicated to biding for an event demonstrates the strength of governments backing. This is to the detriment of the competition with other (cultural) activities undertaken by government and other interest groups. Openly supporting abide increases the pressure of accountability to the public and hence support will only be given, if it is clear that justifiable and measurable benefits for all stakeholders are generated by hosting the event (Westerner, H et al 2002). The economic activity associated with staging mega sporting event can create significant economic benefits for the host destination. Howard and Crompton (1995) defined the economic impact as â€Å"the net economic change in a host economy that results from spending attributed to sports event or facility†. Economic impact studies enable the quantification of the benefits to a community to be ascertained in order to justify the investment in the event (Howard, D and Crompton, J1995:55). The Olympic Games provide an obvious example of significant economic contribution by a mega sporting event. The 1984 Los Angeles Olympics made a profit of US$125 million with the Seoul Olympics exceeding that profit by a further US$50 million. Outcomes of this magnitude serve to encourage cities to bid for high status events (Law, C 1993). In September 1990, Atlanta won the bid to host the 1996 Summer Olympic Games. In spite of the approximately $2.5 billion price tag, the benefits derived from hosting the Olympic Games were expected to outweigh the costs. Positive media attention, construction of facilities and infrastructure, and employment increases were identified as the primary beneficial output of this massive endeavour. The cash in flow during mega games is relatively easy to identify, the legacy â€Å"of the games in terms of long-term benefits is more difficult to measure. The positive employment impact of the 1996 Summer Olympic Games, led to a 17% increase in long term employment in the surrounding area (Hotchkiss, J et al 2003). It must be noted at this point that not all events are successful financially. While focusing on the economic benefits presented by mega sporting events, there are significant financial burdens that such events place on host communities. This financial commitment to events often requires a degree of community assistance through public funding. The external benefits associated with mega sporting events enable this financial assistance to be classified as an investment, with clear reciprocal benefits to the host community (Westerner, H et al 2002). Once the mega-event policy is underway, extra-local interests become increasingly vital to a successful outcome. Hosting modern games requires the authority and cooperation of not only the host city, but other state and local governments and agencies as well. Moreover, the financial demands of the games require support from local public and private sources, but are increasingly dependent on multinational corporations and the government (Burbank, J et al 2002). Several global cities have had their fingers burned by over ambitious sports development plans. Sydney found itself in trouble finding permanent use for Stadium Australia. The Manchester bid, while ambitious, was also realistic. It already had the G-Mix Centre and MEN arena, Old Trafford and Maine Road football grounds. It has added to this the velodrome, an aquatics centre, Sport-city, and the City of Manchester stadium. These facilities are part of the long term regeneration, the aquatic centre has been appropriately sited for the city’s three universities; Sport-city is to become one of 10 regional centres of excellence in sport; and the stadium will be used jointly by Manchester City football club and community teams (Anonymous 2002). 5.9 Urban Renewal The Olympic Games are regarded as the world’s most prestigious sporting occasion. They are typical of mega events in that they are transitory, bring short-term international participation and attention and can have long-term consequences for the host city. There is considerable investment in both sporting facilities and the supporting infrastructure, although after the games these then become legacies to the host city.  The costs involved in hosting the Games are now so high that host cities can often only justify the expenditure when it is seen as leading to a major programme of regeneration and improvement (Essex’s and Chalked, B. 1997). Harvey (1989) has discussed that urban policies to compensate Forde-industrialisation have become more proactive and entrepreneurial often involving some form of interurban competition for jobs and investment. The use of ‘urban spectacles’, such as major sporting events, as a strategy for urban renewal are being seen as one of the main products of post-modern society This is also a means by which cities express their personality, enhance their status and advertise their position on the global stage. Urban politics have shifted to ales bureaucratic, more entrepreneurial and autonomous stance (Harvey 1989).  An example of these new urban politics is Manchester’s Olympic bids of the 1980s and 1990s, in which local government-based decision-making and bureaucratic politics were essentially replaced bay dynamic business leadership (Essex, S and Chalked, B. 1997). For the host cities there is important justification for bidding to stage the Games, particularly in recent years, the stimulus to economic development and urban regeneration. The event can promote economic activity as a result of the jobs created by the vast numbers of tourists visiting the city before, during and after the event. The construction of sports facilities can also play a role in programmes of urban renewal by, for example, introducing new sporting and recreational facilities into previously under-provided areas. On broader scale, preparations for the event can also provide a means of justifying new investment in transport infrastructure and in projects to enhance the city’s landscape and physical appearance (Essex, S andChalkley, B. 1997) 5.10 History of Mega events There are several games that are held on a four yearly cycle; these include the Olympics, Commonwealth, and the world cup. Each has grown in stature with more cities bidding for the right to stage them. The information below was extracted from both the Olympics and Commonwealth Games web sites. The first Commonwealth Games were the product of discussions and ideas shared over a thirty year period. John Cooper proposed sports and cultural gatherings for English speaking nations in 1891. In 1911 sport competitions were part of the Festival of the Empire in London, in which athletes from England, Canada, South Africa and Australasia competed (www commonwealthgames.org). The first games in Hamilton Ontario, Canada consisted of six sports, with around 400 athletes from 11 nations. The name of the games has changed frequently. The first four games were known as the British Empire Games. The name was changed to British Empire and Commonwealth Games for the 1954-1962 editions. From 1966 to 1974 the name British Commonwealth Games was used and from 1978 to the present the Commonwealth Games Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia hosted a very successful 1998 edition of the Commonwealth Games. The Queen’s Baton was carried to the stadium on an elephant and presented to Prince Edward by Malaysia’s first ever Commonwealth medal winner Kohl Eng. Tong, a bronze medallist in weightlifting from the 1954 games   The Olympic Games are steeped in history. Today, the Olympic Games are the worlds largest pageant of athletic skill and competitive spirit. They are also displays of nationalism, commerce and politics. These two opposing elements of the Olympics are not a modern invention. The conflict between the Olympic movements high ideals and the commercialism or political acts which accompany the Games has been noted since ancient times According to legend, the ancient Olympic Games were founded by Heracles son of Zeus. Yet the first Olympic Games for which we still have written records were held in 776 BCE (though it is generally believed that the Games had been going on for many years already). Approximately1500 years later, a young Frenchmen named Pierre de Coubertin began their revival. The revival of the ancient Olympics in 1896 attracted athletes from 14 nations. The largest delegations came from Greece, Germany, France and Great Britain. Winners were awarded a silver medal and an olive branch   To conclude the games are steeped in history and are a prestige event for any city to host. They can raise the city’s image on the world wide stage, thereby attracting tourism in the future. But an emerging factories they can be a catalyst for urban regeneration, therefore the value of holding the games can be immense to host city, if it is conducted right.   6.0 Case Study Manchester This section will present the facts of Manchester successful bid forth 2002 Commonwealth games. The information is from the City Council’s web site, reports and articles. The second part will pre Data Vault in Data Warehouse: Advantages and Disadvantages Data Vault in Data Warehouse: Advantages and Disadvantages Applications, Implementation, Merits and Limitations of Data vault in Data warehouse Abstract Business companies face many challenges in exploiting and analyzing data held in diverse sources. Data vault is the latest data warehouse methodology which caters the business needs of flexibility, scalability, agility and large volume of data storage which the prior existing models fail to bestow. Brief data vault architecture, applications of data vault to improve technologies, merits and limitations of data vault are proposed in the review. Data vault 2.0 a latest methodology which can overcome certain limitations of data vault is also proposed. Keywords-Data vault; Data vault 2.0; Data Warehouse Data warehouse is a subject-oriented, integrated, time-varying, non-volatile collection of data that is used primarily in organizational decision making. It is a specially prepared repository of data. While Building a data warehouse, aspects such as data modelling, management of business project, risk management, user or organization requirements must be taken into consideration. For many years, Data warehouse architecture consisted of Inmon or Kimball methodology. Each methodology design has its own pros and cons but are unable to meet the requirements of handling large volume of data processing and re-engineering of data. Inmon stated that data warehouse is a duplicate of transactional data that is specially structured for the purpose and analysis and querying. It a data driven model where the data is loaded without knowing in prior the user information. In this model data warehouse and the data marts are separated and have their own storage, scalability and traceability in response to the user requirements. It is time variant, non-volatile, costly and not user-friendly. Kimball made an innovative approach by making the data warehouse more user friendly by the concept of dimensional modelling. It is composed of facts and dimension tables which provides user the necessary information for decision making. The Kimball data warehouse is consistent of data marts making the initial cost lesser. The Kimball data warehouse is consistent of data marts making the initial cost lesser. With large amount of data from multiple sources and regular business rules changes, Inmon and Kimball data modelling approaches become less effective. Hence a better evolved model of data vault is created by Dan linstedt. The Data Vault is a detail oriented, historical tracking and uniquely linked set of normalized tables that support one or more functional areas of business. It is a hybrid approach encompassing the best of breed between 3rd normal form (3NF) and star schema. The design makes the model efficient to store large volumes of data and changes of business rules do not require changes in the data warehouse hence it is cost efficient and user friendly. The data sources are in 3rd NF and data marts work in star schema. The data vault components are Hubs, Links and Satellites. Hubs contain the unique list of business keys and depicting core concepts of business such as customer, sales and are vital to identify and track their information. Business keys should have historical uniqueness. Links are the connections that relates two or more business keys and other links. The hub imposes the links granularity in relation to the link. Satellite contain the descriptive data that provides context to hubs and links business keys and contains only one parent table. When data changes occur in data warehouse, the descriptive changes are captured in satellites. Two major technological works is reviewed where data vault is applied to increase the system and business performances: 1. Droid vault a trusted data vault for android device and a guaranteed platform that provides sensitive data protection from malicious softwares for data owners. The model contains two layers of data storage, the green layer where the secure data are processed and the red layers that processes the unsecure data. Droid vault has three components 1. DPM maintains a secure channel for secure data transfer. The sensitive data are encrypted before the data is sent from the droid vault to the android file system. The Bridae module acts an interface. The I/O module secures the user input and display. A unique public/private key is set up for authentication which is one time registered password in the droid vault for secure data transfer to the untrusted android OS users. The design of DV hence provides confidentiality and integrity of sensitive data. The limitation of the model is: a secure environment will provide limited storage hence the data is moved to the untrusted android filesyste m. This downside requires additional extra encryption process in the droid vault. 2. Data vaults database technology for scientific file repository. Scientific researches is need of efficient technology to explore and manage high volumes of data storage which is rapidly increasing. Hence a data vault technology for storing large volumes of scientific data is constructed. Metadata managed by workflow systems or the file names let researchers search for data. DBMS can approach this issue by processing information at the data storage site, providing malleable query use to analyze and reduce information to TB of data. The limitations of this approach are 1.it is tedious and costly to load the state of art DBMS and DMS will not support specific scientific domain file formats. The solution to this problem in MongoDB data vault. The data vault components are: 1.the data vault wrapper facilitates communication with metadata external file repositories and data access. The virtual data warehouse structure is managed by the data vault cache. The data vault optimizer searches the best query execution plans. The data vault hold the data in it s original place format and parallelly allows transparent metadata and analysis, access of data using query language. The main advantage is the business rules can be applied in advance before the actual loading of data. Hence data vault provides extended functionality and flexibility. Structural information is separated from descriptive information for reasons of flexibility and avoidance of re-engineering in the case of a change. The Data Vault allows parallel loading of data and suitable for processing large amount of data when compared to the previous available techniques. The data are not processed or filtered. Change of data are never done and can process large amounts of data. Flexible, scalable and integrated data model and agile ready and final exploitation of data is not allowed. Data Vault is only power user accessible. Data in the Data Vault is not cleansed or quality checked and the benefits of data vault are indirect but very real. Data backup is necessary for the business and more up-front is required for long term payoff. The data vault architecture may be flexible and scalable but does not guarantee the reports generated are fully correct. Data Vault model introduces many joins and integration problems also unstructured data cannot be processed. Data must be made into information BEFORE delivering to the business. Data vault 1.0 is devoid of snowflake data model. Most of source data typically are not tracked by change hence forcing a re-load. Metadata must be defined in column based level for the business for storage paradigm to make sense. As the complexity of business rules increases the possibility of parallelism and scalability decreases. Scalability decrease will result in more time consumption for amount of information that is passed for processing. Data vault 2.0 is the latest data warehousing methodology which is a novel and improved version to overcome certain downside of data vault 1.0. The advantages are: 1) The must use of hash key as surrogate key enable the flexibility of data loading in parallel due to independent between satellites therefore paving way for usage of unstructured data in data vaults. 2) Data Vault 2.0 is zero dependency type architecture. The data across different can be joined easily, hence allowing data vault to be built in multiple platforms and can adapt better to changes. CRITICAL ANALYSIS Due to demand of processing large volumes of data and continuous changes in the business rules, data vault model is superior to Inmon and Kimball methodologies in terms of flexibility, agility and scalability and cost. The data vault 2.0 plays a critical role in minimizing certain important drawbacks. Data vault methodology should be more evolved to overcome the current limitations thereby providing better business and user solution. CONCLUSION The data vault methodology proves to be an excellent solution for the data warehouse for reasons of agility, flexibility, scalability etc. The data vault design make the model very effective for storing large volumes of data. The technology applications such as droid vault and data vault for scientific repositories have been modelled with use of data vault was benefitted in terms of security and storage and more. The data vault is advantageous but also has its limitations. Some of the important limitations are overcome by the latest data vault2.0 methodology. The data vault limitations should be overcome effectively by understanding the business and user needs and create more solutions in a cost-effective way in line with requirements. REFERENCES Stuart Lewis, Lorraine Beard, Mary McDerby, Robin Taylor, Thomas Higgins, Clarie Knowles, Developing a Data Vault, The International Journal of Digital Curation, Vol 11, No 1 (2016) Milena Ivanova, YaÄÅ ¸iz Kargin, Martin Kersten, Stefan Manegold, Ying Zhang, Mihai Datcu, Daniela Espinoza Molina, Data vaults: a database welcome to scientific file repositories, IEEE, Computing in Science Engineering ( Volume: 15, Issue: 3, May-June 2013 ). Lamia Yessad, Aissa Labiod, Comparative study of data warehouses modeling approaches: Inmon, Kimball and Data Vault, IEEE, System Reliability and Science (ICSRS). Xiaolei Li, Hong Hu, Guangdong Bai, DroidVault: A Trusted Data Vault for Android Devices, IEEE, Engineering of Complex Computer Systems (ICECCS), 4-7 Aug. 2014. V. Jovanovic, D. Subotic, S. Mrdalj, Data modeling styles in data warehousing, IEEE, Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics (MIPRO) William Inmon, Derek Strauss, Genia Neushloss, DW 2.0: The Architecture for the Next Generation of Data Warehousing.

Beam-Beam Effect :: essays research papers

Beam-beam effect, or beam-beam interaction, is a recent research being conducted over many areas throughout the world, from European laboratories to American Institutes. Basically the issue involves the passing through of proton bunches which results in many different types of effect, sometimes including the unexpected. Aside from the shooting of particles across one another, usually the collision rate of the protons generates a certain amount of energy. Today, the issue is to focus on modifying new colliders to enhance the effectiveness of the machines. The study of the beam-beam effect involves particle colliders which determines the collision rate of protons. One of the commonly used collider is the LHC, which stands for Large Hadron Collider. The LHC is an accelerator which brings protons and ions into collisions at higher energies than ever achieved before. This will allow scientists to penetrate still further into the structure of matter and recreate the conditions prevailing in the early universe, just after the "big bang". It is represented by a thick gaussian lens, and the ring is described by a 9th-order Taylor map. At the single-particle level we compare the dynamic aperture with and without the beam-beam effect. At the multiparticle level, using a "strong-strong" description of the beam-beam interaction, we compare the collision rate with a linear lattice map and with the full nonlinear map. The LHC is being used at CERN, the world's largest physics center for particle physics exploring what matter is made of, and what forces hold it together. Many different models for this effect have been conducted before, but most of them often ignored longitudinal motions of the particles, meaning that they only look for steady-state solutions, or assumed one beam contained a larger number of particles. These are usually known as "weak-strong" simulations. The LHC being developed is a "strong-strong" simulation in that it treats both beams equally and allows them to have arbitrary relative strengths. It is dynamic in that it models the motion on a turn-by-turn basis looking for coherent oscillations in the beam shape. It uses a variety of methods for computing the electric fields so that it can run as quickly as possible in each situation it encounters. Inside the LHC, usually there is a storage ring acting as accelerator that collide the bunches of particles repeatedly by storing the bunches in the collider throughout a certain amount of time. When shooting out the particles, the collider aims for a very high collision rate, or luminosity.

Going Back to Archaic Greece :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Going Back to Archaic Greece   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Amasis Painter seemed to lure me into his world while reading these works compiled by these very prolific writers. Or maybe it was the writers that brought me back to experience what they felt while studying these paintings and giving up their thoughts to question as they questioned others. In either case it has sparked my interest in this painter, and potter if you will. He combines a perfectionistic attitude with an imaginative flare that is subtle and refined, giving him that contrasting edge that one looks for in an artist. I would first like to start with a look at these artists status in the Athenian Greek world. How did they become artists and how did they live as artists? One might suspect that you need just to turn to the old adage of the â€Å"starving artist†, to get a good idea of what it was like, but I hardly think they were starving or even poor for that matter. Of course I wouldn’t suspect that they were very well off at what they were doing, but they probably didn’t do to bad. In fact I look at Pedley and what he says that, â€Å"vase painting †¦ is the product of private enterprise†(Pedly p 77). This gives me speculation that the vase painters in Archaic Greece might have been sufficiently paid for their services. I get a sense of secure ness of who he is and what he’s doing with his paintings and his pots for that matter. If he does do both it would cut out another hand in the trading deal that would no doubt increase the size of his share. Also by doing this he has total control over the whole making of the vase itself, which shows in the way he presents the figures spatially and sometimes even simply in his works Something that adds to that of course is competition between artists, especially between Exekias and Amasis. These two were the closest in style, and were probably the most sought after painters of their time. A specific vase by Exekias has Memnon with two African attendants naming one of them Amasis. One can conjecture that there stands a good chance that he may be speaking of his colleague. Whether this is derogative towards Amasis in some way, maybe through his heritage, who knows, it shows competition either way.

Marriage and the family

Throughout the course of time, family dynamics and components have evolved along with society. In recent history the contemporary family has evolved into more of a dual earner family, leaving the traditional division of responsibilities ever changing and progressing. In todays society it has become more common to see women taking on the traditional responsibilities of men both financially and around the home and men doing their part to assist with more household activities and child care.To fully understand the changes that have taken place over time it is important to look at here we have come from. Customarily, in the past family roles between and husband and wife were black and white. Men would traditionally work the nine to five every day, support the family financially, and take care of household maintenance. This would often cause less time for things like engagement with children and helping with their overall development. While Men had their hands full outside the home, women spent most of their time in the home taking care of housework and rearing children.As a society we have come a long way from what used to be considered a contemporary family. Today, a contemporary family no onger consists of one employed provider but a dual earning couple. This is due to women becoming more independent, career oriented, and educated. Another factor that plays into the evolution of the dual earner family is the state of the economy, cost of living, and childcare expenses. It is almost essential for families to have duel earners in order to make ends meet. Today, women can be Just as an important piece of the financial puzzle as their counterparts.Now that we have established the new normal, it is important to look at the division of the families responsibilities. In dual arning families, men have been doing more than they ever have and have come a long way. Men are now more actively participating in things like housework, cooking, and lawn care but the statistics st ill may surprise most. â€Å"According to the data from The American Time use Survey, 83% of women as compared to 64% of men reported spending time in such activities. † In addition, â€Å"married men reported spending 1. hours on household activities compared to 2. 5 hours reported by married women. † (The marriage and family experience eleventh edition) It is obvious that men are still doing less than women in the home on average.But Men have come a ong way from where they were in eras such as the 50's and 60's where they assisted in almost no household work. It is established that men are doing a better Job as society progresses. â€Å"Men's share of housework has increased over the past three decades (from 15% to more than 30%) as has their actual time spent doing housework. (The marriage and family experience eleventh edition) It is now common to see men cooking, cleaning, and child rearing as a result of both individuals being an equal contributor both financial ly and to the family. In shift work arrangements a man's role may be increased depending on what shift he is working. If a man is working a night shift, he would most likely be responsible for things like getting children ready for school, cooking breakfast, and driving to school as he would be returning from work when they are waking up.Obviously it is not Just the men who mentioned before, women are still doing more than men statistically when it comes to domestic chores. Women are often now earning larger wages, working more hours, and have more responsibilities than men both in their careers and in their families. Being domesticated is nothing new as far as women leading the way in the home. As ime passes it is hard to determine whether or not things will ever be equal.With the evolution of the dual earning arrangement, families are now forced to alter their traditional responsibilities to make the household run as a unit. Over the past few decades we have seen an exceptional in crease in the man's responsibilities around the home and have seen a shift in the traditional division of responsibilities. As the cost of living continues to rise and salaries continue to fall, it is not likely to see a shift in the other direction anytime soon. It truly is amazing to see how we have broken the mold in such a short period of time

Racial Profiling

This paper is going to review recent studies on racial profiling and critiques many of their methods. I will be using the conflict theory to review a number of ways that may explain racial disparities in the rates of crimes. Also I will be using conflict theory to review how it affects people in society. It addresses the major problem of inequality that exists in society today. Racial profiling in America is where those in authority use race factor when arresting citizens. Racial profiling occurs when the police target someone for investigation on the basis of that person's race, origin, or ethnicity.It has led police agencies across the world to start collecting information about traffic and pedestrian stops. The controversy over this is that all assumptions are race based. One example of this research states that police face the use of race to make decisions during traffic and pedestrian stops. The public is concerned that these decisions reflect racial prejudice, and racism. Many researchers continue to defend theses profiles, saying that they are based of accurate facts (Hersezenhorn, 2000; Kennedy, 1997; Taylor ;amp; Whitney, 1999).Other experts have tested the accuracy of these profiles, and still have argued that even if accurate, all decisions based off race is inappropriate (Harris, 1997, 1999a; Kennedy, 1997). There are two meanings to racial profiling. â€Å"Hard† racial profiling uses race as the only factor. E. g. an officer sees a black person and pulls him over for a search and pat-down. â€Å"Soft† racial profiling is using race as one factor among others in criminal suspiciousness. E. g. a report says that a Jamaican drug lord is driving a Jeep, so troopers pull over black males who are speeding in Jeeps.Even though the driver was speeding, the reason the officer pulled him over instead of the other cars, was due to his race. Minorities are usually the ones affected by racial profiling. According to the public, the war on drugs im mediately became a war on minorities. There is evidence for racial profiling. One is anecdotal, which is a limited value. The other is statistical, which research is entirely worthless. Any evaluation of the evidence for the use of race profiling in policing must keep the contexts distinct. Today, skin color makes you a suspect in America. You are more likely to be topped, searched, be arrested or imprisoned. Racial profiling does not only exist in crime but in our society. People are segregated by race and ethnicity. A certain race may think that they are wealthier than others. They also believe that they have more power and education than other races. This creates a conflict between different races and ethnic groups. Class rank also conflicts when it comes to racial profiling. Upper class ideally has more power than middle and lower class. Thus, resulting in a group conflict. Lower and middle class want equal protection and power.Whites are usually in the higher rank, and blacks a re in lower ranks. Stereotypes also fall into the category of racial profiling. When we see someone who is black we automatically assume they are African. When we see someone who is Hispanic we automatically assume their Spanish. When we see an Asian person we automatically assume their Chinese, and when we see a white person we assume their American. It’s the little things like this that are considered racial profiling. Most of us don’t think that it’s bad but someone could take it offensively. Another way we use racial profiling is when we meet people.When you see a nice dressed white male you assume he’s wealthy and intelligent. When you meet a black male, who is not dressed as nicely, you assume he’s a thug, or has dropped out of school. The saying â€Å"Don’t judge a book by its cover† not only works for books but for people as well. The labor laws state that no one should be turned down for a job due to disabilities or their age . Shouldn’t this be the same with race, ethnic, and skin color? In conclusion racial profiling still exists in the United States because we allow it too. It must be stopped, before crimes go up.We should not make decisions off skin color or ethnic backgrounds. We’ve come a long way and everyone should be seen as equals. Even though racial profiling exists in crimes and police stops, we should make an effort to change this. There are other ways to go about making an arrest or sentencing someone to jail. Skin color, ethnic background, and religion should not be factors when deciding to arrest or pull someone over. I believe that if we make an effort to let everyone know that racial profiling is still happening today we can make a difference to prevent it.References Robin Shepard Engel, Jennifer M Calnon, Thomas J Bernard. Justice Quarterly: JQ. Highland Heights: Jun 2002. Vol. 19, Iss. 2; pg. 249, 25 pgs Katy Hurst (2008). http://www. mightystudents. com/essay/conflict. theory. explain. 70034 Heather Mac Donald (Spring 2001). The Myth of Racial Profiling: http://www. city-journal. org/html/11_2_the_myth. html John Reitzel, Alex R. Piquero. Does It Exist? Studying Citizens’ Attitudes of Racial Profiling: http://pqx. sagepub. com/content/9/2/161. abstract Racial Profiling This paper is going to review recent studies on racial profiling and critiques many of their methods. I will be using the conflict theory to review a number of ways that may explain racial disparities in the rates of crimes. Also I will be using conflict theory to review how it affects people in society. It addresses the major problem of inequality that exists in society today. Racial profiling in America is where those in authority use race factor when arresting citizens. Racial profiling occurs when the police target someone for investigation on the basis of that person's race, origin, or ethnicity.It has led police agencies across the world to start collecting information about traffic and pedestrian stops. The controversy over this is that all assumptions are race based. One example of this research states that police face the use of race to make decisions during traffic and pedestrian stops. The public is concerned that these decisions reflect racial prejudice, and racism. Many researchers continue to defend theses profiles, saying that they are based of accurate facts (Hersezenhorn, 2000; Kennedy, 1997; Taylor ;amp; Whitney, 1999).Other experts have tested the accuracy of these profiles, and still have argued that even if accurate, all decisions based off race is inappropriate (Harris, 1997, 1999a; Kennedy, 1997). There are two meanings to racial profiling. â€Å"Hard† racial profiling uses race as the only factor. E. g. an officer sees a black person and pulls him over for a search and pat-down. â€Å"Soft† racial profiling is using race as one factor among others in criminal suspiciousness. E. g. a report says that a Jamaican drug lord is driving a Jeep, so troopers pull over black males who are speeding in Jeeps.Even though the driver was speeding, the reason the officer pulled him over instead of the other cars, was due to his race. Minorities are usually the ones affected by racial profiling. According to the public, the war on drugs im mediately became a war on minorities. There is evidence for racial profiling. One is anecdotal, which is a limited value. The other is statistical, which research is entirely worthless. Any evaluation of the evidence for the use of race profiling in policing must keep the contexts distinct. Today, skin color makes you a suspect in America. You are more likely to be topped, searched, be arrested or imprisoned. Racial profiling does not only exist in crime but in our society. People are segregated by race and ethnicity. A certain race may think that they are wealthier than others. They also believe that they have more power and education than other races. This creates a conflict between different races and ethnic groups. Class rank also conflicts when it comes to racial profiling. Upper class ideally has more power than middle and lower class. Thus, resulting in a group conflict. Lower and middle class want equal protection and power.Whites are usually in the higher rank, and blacks a re in lower ranks. Stereotypes also fall into the category of racial profiling. When we see someone who is black we automatically assume they are African. When we see someone who is Hispanic we automatically assume their Spanish. When we see an Asian person we automatically assume their Chinese, and when we see a white person we assume their American. It’s the little things like this that are considered racial profiling. Most of us don’t think that it’s bad but someone could take it offensively. Another way we use racial profiling is when we meet people.When you see a nice dressed white male you assume he’s wealthy and intelligent. When you meet a black male, who is not dressed as nicely, you assume he’s a thug, or has dropped out of school. The saying â€Å"Don’t judge a book by its cover† not only works for books but for people as well. The labor laws state that no one should be turned down for a job due to disabilities or their age . Shouldn’t this be the same with race, ethnic, and skin color? In conclusion racial profiling still exists in the United States because we allow it too. It must be stopped, before crimes go up.We should not make decisions off skin color or ethnic backgrounds. We’ve come a long way and everyone should be seen as equals. Even though racial profiling exists in crimes and police stops, we should make an effort to change this. There are other ways to go about making an arrest or sentencing someone to jail. Skin color, ethnic background, and religion should not be factors when deciding to arrest or pull someone over. I believe that if we make an effort to let everyone know that racial profiling is still happening today we can make a difference to prevent it.References Robin Shepard Engel, Jennifer M Calnon, Thomas J Bernard. Justice Quarterly: JQ. Highland Heights: Jun 2002. Vol. 19, Iss. 2; pg. 249, 25 pgs Katy Hurst (2008). http://www. mightystudents. com/essay/conflict. theory. explain. 70034 Heather Mac Donald (Spring 2001). The Myth of Racial Profiling: http://www. city-journal. org/html/11_2_the_myth. html John Reitzel, Alex R. Piquero. Does It Exist? Studying Citizens’ Attitudes of Racial Profiling: http://pqx. sagepub. com/content/9/2/161. abstract Racial Profiling Racial Profiling Racial profiling has been around for hundreds of years and it's still around, but not as bad as it use to be. Racial profiling is wrong for many different reasons and here is why. For example, racial profiling is wrong because you can't judge somebody just because their skin color isn't white. Police officers were often pulling over people of color just for the fun of it. It was humiliating to the people because it made them feel like they were nothing more than a piece of garbage. The police officers didn't take colored people seriously and just did what they wanted. They asked permission to search the car and when he refused they searched it anyway† clearly states that the police had no respect for colored people and their feelings. Furthermore, racial profiling is wrong because it really does not matter what color skin you have, you can still be a good person at heart. â€Å"Virtually everybody is innocent, and virtually everybody is not white† is a t rue statement because it's not just black and hispanic people who are in gangs, rob stores, steal cars etc.. it's white people to.It makes people feel sad and unloved, and sometimes pushes them to a point to where they want to commit suicide. Also, it starts fights and arguments and if it goes to far, you end up getting arrested. In reality, everybody makes mistakes. All in all, I feel racial profiling is wrong because if you think about it enough and try and understand what it feels like to be constantly harassed and humiliated, you wouldn't like it either. Hopefully in the future, people stop being racist and just know everybody is human and everybody has feelings. Racial Profiling This paper is going to review recent studies on racial profiling and critiques many of their methods. I will be using the conflict theory to review a number of ways that may explain racial disparities in the rates of crimes. Also I will be using conflict theory to review how it affects people in society. It addresses the major problem of inequality that exists in society today. Racial profiling in America is where those in authority use race factor when arresting citizens. Racial profiling occurs when the police target someone for investigation on the basis of that person's race, origin, or ethnicity.It has led police agencies across the world to start collecting information about traffic and pedestrian stops. The controversy over this is that all assumptions are race based. One example of this research states that police face the use of race to make decisions during traffic and pedestrian stops. The public is concerned that these decisions reflect racial prejudice, and racism. Many researchers continue to defend theses profiles, saying that they are based of accurate facts (Hersezenhorn, 2000; Kennedy, 1997; Taylor ;amp; Whitney, 1999).Other experts have tested the accuracy of these profiles, and still have argued that even if accurate, all decisions based off race is inappropriate (Harris, 1997, 1999a; Kennedy, 1997). There are two meanings to racial profiling. â€Å"Hard† racial profiling uses race as the only factor. E. g. an officer sees a black person and pulls him over for a search and pat-down. â€Å"Soft† racial profiling is using race as one factor among others in criminal suspiciousness. E. g. a report says that a Jamaican drug lord is driving a Jeep, so troopers pull over black males who are speeding in Jeeps.Even though the driver was speeding, the reason the officer pulled him over instead of the other cars, was due to his race. Minorities are usually the ones affected by racial profiling. According to the public, the war on drugs im mediately became a war on minorities. There is evidence for racial profiling. One is anecdotal, which is a limited value. The other is statistical, which research is entirely worthless. Any evaluation of the evidence for the use of race profiling in policing must keep the contexts distinct. Today, skin color makes you a suspect in America. You are more likely to be topped, searched, be arrested or imprisoned. Racial profiling does not only exist in crime but in our society. People are segregated by race and ethnicity. A certain race may think that they are wealthier than others. They also believe that they have more power and education than other races. This creates a conflict between different races and ethnic groups. Class rank also conflicts when it comes to racial profiling. Upper class ideally has more power than middle and lower class. Thus, resulting in a group conflict. Lower and middle class want equal protection and power.Whites are usually in the higher rank, and blacks a re in lower ranks. Stereotypes also fall into the category of racial profiling. When we see someone who is black we automatically assume they are African. When we see someone who is Hispanic we automatically assume their Spanish. When we see an Asian person we automatically assume their Chinese, and when we see a white person we assume their American. It’s the little things like this that are considered racial profiling. Most of us don’t think that it’s bad but someone could take it offensively. Another way we use racial profiling is when we meet people.When you see a nice dressed white male you assume he’s wealthy and intelligent. When you meet a black male, who is not dressed as nicely, you assume he’s a thug, or has dropped out of school. The saying â€Å"Don’t judge a book by its cover† not only works for books but for people as well. The labor laws state that no one should be turned down for a job due to disabilities or their age . Shouldn’t this be the same with race, ethnic, and skin color? In conclusion racial profiling still exists in the United States because we allow it too. It must be stopped, before crimes go up.We should not make decisions off skin color or ethnic backgrounds. We’ve come a long way and everyone should be seen as equals. Even though racial profiling exists in crimes and police stops, we should make an effort to change this. There are other ways to go about making an arrest or sentencing someone to jail. Skin color, ethnic background, and religion should not be factors when deciding to arrest or pull someone over. I believe that if we make an effort to let everyone know that racial profiling is still happening today we can make a difference to prevent it.References Robin Shepard Engel, Jennifer M Calnon, Thomas J Bernard. Justice Quarterly: JQ. Highland Heights: Jun 2002. Vol. 19, Iss. 2; pg. 249, 25 pgs Katy Hurst (2008). http://www. mightystudents. com/essay/conflict. theory. explain. 70034 Heather Mac Donald (Spring 2001). The Myth of Racial Profiling: http://www. city-journal. org/html/11_2_the_myth. html John Reitzel, Alex R. Piquero. Does It Exist? Studying Citizens’ Attitudes of Racial Profiling: http://pqx. sagepub. com/content/9/2/161. abstract