Case Study of the Life of Bill Viola

DrumheadBill Viola is populating fable of media and engineering particularly in video production. Viola Born on January 25, 1951 in Queens, New York, United States of America. Viola spent his early old ages of life in his place town Queens and subsequently on shifted to Westbury, New York. Viola had funny nature that ever triggered him to travel in front to fear. Once he was on a hilly country trip with his household, where he about drowned in lake but he mentions the incident as one of the most bewitching experiences of his life. Viola earned university grade from Syracuse University, Syracuse New York in 1973 in all right art and started his professional calling as a picture technician at Everson Museum of Arts in Syracuse, New York. Subsequently on two old ages he worked as proficient manager in Art/Tapes/22. And in 1976 and 1977 he traveled across the universe to enter cultural humanistic disciplines public presentations. In 1977 Viola was invited by WNET 13 channel Television re search lab New York to work as an creative person in abode where he directed a noteworthy series of work and they were on aired. 1977 proved to be lucky for Viola in footings of personal life, he was invited to La Trobe University, Melbourne Australia by their cultural humanistic disciplines manager, Kira Parov as in the really following twelvemonth Ms. Parov became Mrs. Viola. In 1979 Viola along with his partner Parov, traveled to Sahara desert, Tunisia to enter mirages. In 1980 Viola achieved a cultural family between US and Japan for one and half twelvemonth at Japan. In Japan, Parov and Viola acquired cognition in Zen Buddhism and Viola became the first creative person in abode at Sony Corporation’s Atsugi research research labs. At the terminal of 1981 Parov and Viola came back to USA but this clip in California where Viola joined California Institute of Arts as an teacher and taught Advanced Video Technology. Viola besides continued his art work with a alone subject wi th Parov. They created art work based on human organic structure medical images retrieved from a local infirmary, carnal consciousness in a menagerie at San Diego and fire walking rites of Hindu community at Fiji. Parov had great involvement and experience in picture taking. In 1987 both travel to south west of USA and captured stone sites and recorded pictures of desert landscapes. Viola’s art work is intriguing, the manner he relates everything behind the camera to sole religious thoughts. His picture demo his great and alone love for nature. In 2005 he went to Dharamshala, India with his boies to enter a supplication with Dalai Lama. Viola has great passion for music excessively. From 1973 to 1980, seven old ages he had worked, performed and learned with a composer David Tudor, being attached to a music group â€Å"Rainforest† . Viola’s arts work got planetary acknowledgment and assessment back in 1970’s. Numerous exhibitions of humanistic disciplines in all over the universe exhibited Viola’s originative humanistic disciplines work. For case in 1987 at Museum of Modern Art, New York â€Å"Installations and Videotapes† . In 1995, Viola represented USA exhibiting one his celebrated piece of art work â€Å"Buried Secrets† at the 46th Venice Biennale. In 1997, Whitney Museum of American Arts paid a testimonial to Viola’s art work by showing Viola’s 25 old ages of art work that had around 35 installings and picture tapes. Viola has a alone personality and thought. In an interview he revealed that he don’t like to populate in crowded topographic points, he prefers to populate in the corner side of metropolis therefore he’s populating from last 25 old ages in a corner of long beach, California with his partner and two boies. His studio is nearby to his house and he has rented another house, where he has maintained a resource library. In that house, he goes and stays to believe and be after thoughts, without any communicating beginning non even phone. Harmonizing to Bill Viola, he thinks more creatively when he his near to nature and off from people and day-to-day everyday tensenesss. He merely goes to his studio after explicating an thought to work else he doesn’t travel. He takes things and events positively, like he has no fright that life will stop. In fact the chief subject behind most of his work, we all life in this universe for a short continuance and we have to return into ageless life, that’s stableness. His art works began to exhibit when he was at school at the age of, normally displayed on wall. During his academic life, his pictures were ever fixed on walls and they are still at that place. This fact convinces that he has in born endowment of going an creative person, much like a passion that subsequently on became his profession ( Viola, 1990 ) . His thoughts are profoundly rooted in spiritualism, Mysticism, shamanism, Buddhism. Taoism, Sufism, and philosophical ideas ( Ross, Sellars, & A ; Hyde, 1997 ) . Viola has received legion awards for his outstanding parts to media and picture engineering. In 1984 he received a national award: Polaroid Video Art Award for his exceeding accomplishment. Again in 1987, he received Maya Deren Award from American Film Institute, USA. In 1989, his work was honored with John D. and C atherine T. MacArthur Foundation Award, USA. In 1993, he was awarded Skowhegan Medal for his contributions’ in Video Installation, USA. Viola has immense part to art in footings of ancient civilization, his services were acknowledged and awarded in 2003 by American Federal of Arts that presented him Cultural leading Award. Viola non merely received prestigiousness and awards from his place state but across worldwide. In 2006, he received NORD/LB Art award in Bremen, Germany. In 2009, he was honored by an award from Cambridge MA. In 2009 he won International Prize at Barcelona, Spain. In 2011 Viola’s university, Syracuse University felt great pride and award in his pupil parts to field of humanistic disciplines and awarded him Arent Award for Distinguished Alumni. Recently in 2013 he received two awards, one from Anderson Ranch, Snowmass Village, CO the â€Å"National Artist Award† and the other from Aurora Picture Show, Houston, TX the â€Å"Aurora Award† . Along with a long list of awards, Viola has besides received nine ( 9 ) honorary doctorial grades in Fine Arts from assorted universities and institutes worldwide.DiscussionIn media engineering legion creative person are working on picture engineering and installings, what makes Viola’s art unique is usage of slow gesture with intensive computing machine based redaction. He has contributed a batch in this field, in this paper we will discourse some of his plants. In 2007 Viola represented US in 52neodymiumVenice Biennale where he presented his picture installing, â€Å"ocean without shore† . It’s one the major and greatly influential picture installings by Viola. The construct behind â€Å"Ocean Without Shore† is about the passage between life and decease with utilizing H2O. A spectator faces three big picture proctors which are placed in a dark room. About 20 four people get downing looking from an unseeable H2O wall. Flow of H2O is dynamic. Every individual walks entirely and get down nearing the spectator. Those 20 four people are all same, brumous and skin tone is gray. As the semen closer to the spectator, at a certain distance that is a threshold between them and viewer, they touch the unobserved threshold. When they touch it, it clearly seeable as a powerful heat lightening. Afterwards they turn back and travel once more to the unseeable H2O wall. Whole picture installing last for one and half hr. Every individual looking from the unseeable H2O wall is soundless, unagitated, and inactive. They are pass oning with deep emotions. Their emotions can be written into 1000s of words. Each of the individual returns, as if decease is strike harding at his door. They are in a unusual peaceable province as reaching of decease is welcomed by them. Ocean Without shore is a deep emotional illustration of homo. It depicts the events which lie at concurrence point of decease and life. Bill Viola says, â€Å"The picture sequence paperss a sequence of persons easy nearing out of darkness and traveling into the visible radiation in order to go through into the physical universe. Once bodied, nevertheless, all existences realize that their presence is finite and so they must finally turn away from stuff being to return from where they came. The rhythm repeats without end.† Idea of Ocean Without Shore was taken from the poesy of Birago Diop. Birago was inspired from a Sufi mysterious Ibn Arabi who said â €Å"The Self is an ocean without a shore. Gazing upon it has no beginning or terminal, in this universe and the next.† This work shows Viola is influenced by mysticism and Sufism. Viola’s work allows viewer to comprehend all signifiers of life, in a ways he persuades the spectator to see his ain contemplation in the basic thoughts of hope, desire, love, decease, regeneration and above all stableness ( Robson, 2011 ) . Another great piece of art was subsequently on presented by Viola that portions concept and subject with Ocean without shores. Bodies of visible radiation is a distinct series of Transfigurations that focus on the clip when a individual or object follows the rule of transmutation due to internal forces of high witting non external. Viola shows the transmutation of ego is normally called by an interior realisation. A individual gets clear thought of his psyche, his filthy, unfiltered set of emotions and so he overcomes all such emotions and gets transformed into a new being, an ideal being. In this piece of art Viola used black and white images of apparitional organic structures, that appear easy from darkness, and pass through a certain threshold of H2O and enter enlighten colourful universe. That new reaching of self-encounters with diverse set of human emotions from joy to fury, and all are occupied with some desires, and eventually these apparitional organic structures disappear i n darkness from where the appeared. In this installing Viola used images shootings from an old camera along with shootings with a High definition camera ( Viola, Bodies of Light ) . In this artistic picture Viola conveys a message of life to his spectator that their comes a point in life, when a individual changes itself for his interior peace and satisfaction. Runing with this universe may gain money and luxury to a individual but the cost is an individual’s internal peace. Internal forces become stronger to external forces and therefore a man’s life become calm.DecisionBill Viola is a large name in the picture engineering and installings, and has achieved many awards and awards due to his parts. One can non state viola came into this field by opportunity or by pick. He is an congenital creative person. Harmonizing to him life without art is non a life. Despite great sum of celebrity and acknowledgment, Viola’s life is simple and he looks for simpleness in ever y facet of life. The chief thought of Bill Viola’s work is about basic human life, demands and procedures. The manner he tries to associate the being of adult male with decease is singular. He shows both sides of positions in his work. Exemplifying the phenomenon of decease so much is normally considered as pessimism. It may devoid the viewer’s involvement from life and he may believe that life will stop so why he has to do attempts for endurance. But Viola on the same clip attempts to convert the spectator that he can non get away from cosmopolitan worlds. A dead being is really undead. He persuades the viewing audiences to believe at high degree of consciousness. This attack provokes the spectator to understand the importance of basic human needs that are love, hope, heartache and a desire to populate. Viola uses H2O and visible radiation along with high dimensional camera’s to picture his subjects. His hallmark is usage of slow gesture, organic structures ( c haracters ) appear and disappear in proctors of picture screen really easy and swimmingly. His picture enhances the sum of repose in the spectator. Viola uses latest engineering and works on old age construct and thoughts peculiarly Sufism and Mysticism. Viola’s piece of work are unagitated, calm and smooth that adds repose in spectator. Viola’s work is more about to chew over than to praise the high dimension camera. His subjects are cosmopolitan and influence all sort of people. One can non claim that he makes art pieces and picture installings for a peculiar category of people. Viola has deep involvement in ancient saints and their history.MentionsRobson, J. ( 2011, November 19 ) .Bill Viola: Ocean Without a Shore.Retrieved from Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.pafa.org/billviola/Bill-Viola-Ocean-Without-a-Shore/1184/ Ross, D. A. , Sellars, P. , & A ; Hyde, L. ( 1997 ) .Bill Viola.New York: Whitney Museum of American Art. Viola, B. ( 1990, June 30 ) . Contemporay Arts. ( M. Nash, Interviewer ) Viola, B. ( n.d. ) . Bodies of Light.Bodies of Light.James Cohan Gallery, New York.

Family Violence

1. What is the general in the particular with regards to abuse in this article? The article shows statistically that if you are male and have been a victim of violence or family violence you have a higher risk of becoming an abuser compared to someone who has not been victimized. And those family violence victims have a higher incidence of developing mental health issues and personality disorders, abuse drugs or alcohol, or have been abandoned as children.2. What is the strange in the familiar? The article shows how witnessing or being victimized by violence as a child or adolescent changed the perception of these offenders thinking and patterns of acceptable behaviors which made violence against another person to be acceptable practice.3. What might this article add to understanding global offenders? I think that it would be interesting to see how the statistics would change once the offenders went through extensive therapy. Would the therapy break or improve the cycle of violence? And by how much?4. What does this issue identify about potential social marginalization? Because these offenders have been victimized themselves they have become the perpetrator as this is what they know to be the norm for them. In times of crisis or change they would do what they know until they know better. Unfortunately the pattern of behavior has changed their view of what is normal behavior and they lack the skills to deal with change or crisis without violence. Thus turning a personal problem into a public issue.5. What does this article identify about potential social crisis? The potential social crisis in this article is that if the pattern of family violence is not broken it will be an inherited personality trait for the children who witness or are victimized by it, leading to more violent crimes and more dysfunction in families.6. After reading this article, what social change do you think needs to be adapted? I personally think and feel that violence of any type needs to be unacceptable in society and that society as a whole should speak out about this issue by providing lots of public awareness and free accessible counseling services to break the cycle of abusive behaviors.7. Who would you most likely speak out for (the offender or society)? I struggle with that decision as I can identify with both sides on one hand it is very sad that the offender had to witness or undergo abuse as a child which ultimately shaped them as adults. But on the other hand it is also horrible that society is at risk based on someone else’s poor choices therefore the cycle of violence continues.8. Apply the structural-functional. social-conflict, and symbolic-interaction theory to this article using each paradigm perspective, describe the issues of offenders. For the structural functional aspect the issues of the offenders would be that they hurt another human therefore they have to pay the price in jail. The social –conflict issue would be poor self-esteem , been abused or witnessed abuse themselves, possible mental health issues related to the abuse, eg. personality disorders and narcissistic personalities traits. The symbolic-interaction issues would be that they were raised in an environment of abuse therefore it is a pattern of behavior they know and are comfortable with and believe it is the norm to behave this way.9. Would this research be of greater interest to a sociologist favoring a structural-functional, social-conflict, or a symbolic-interaction paradigm? A sociologist favoring a symbolic-interaction paradigm because the article focuses on patterns of social interactions in specific settings in a micro level orientation. There is also scientific data to support the theory which would be of interest as well for a sociologist favoring this paradigm.10. Is this study, of male offenders only, guilty of sexism? No I don’t think so they were not comparing males to females they just gathered data from a particular group an d analyzed it based the level on violence that they had witnessed as children and how it affected them as adults. If they had compared the same data from females that would be sexism in my opinion. There is a lot of research and articles available about violence against women but not a lot about the male offenders to get a full view of the big picture it is worthwhile to look at all sides to gain a broader view of where the violence originated from in the first place.

The City of Greater Geelong

Background: First settled in 1803, as the 2nd largest metropolis in Victoria, Geelong is the chief regional hub and port for western Victoria where offers combination of employment and investing chances, wellness and instruction installations, fabulous shopping promenades and the many cultural assets including the Geelong Performing Arts Centre, gallery, museums and the botanic gardens. These allow occupants enjoy the benefit of diverse and multicultural communities in the growing of the metropolis. As consequence, Geelong has been turning 1-1.5 per centum over the last 7 old ages. However, the tenancy rate is still low: Housing:In 2006, population in cardinal Geelong is 4355 individuals. By 2011 it is 4700 ( Jones Lang LaSalle ) .Residents ages of 20aˆ?24, 25aˆ?34 and 55 and over is greater in Central Geelong than others municipality as Central Geelong is popular with pupils and immature professionals and retired persons.40.4 % of the home types is high and average denseness homes in Central Geelong compared to 13.9 % in Greater Geelong, although separate houses remain at 57.8 % of the lodging stock ( Jones Lang LaSalle ) .Beginning: Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene 2006 Census Population and HousingOfficeIn 2012 there was 236,000m2 of office infinite in Central Geelong, of which merely 30 % is sensible quality, modern infinite. The bulk of Central Geelong’s office stock is of hapless quality, is unsuitable for many possible renters.RetailMarket Square and Westfield Geelong Shopping Centre supply a diverse and comprehensive scope of retail signifier.Traditional strip retailing has stru ggled in recent old ages due in portion to the competition from the drawn-out Westfield and limited investing in single assets.The growing in on-line retailing addition vacancy rates in shopping strips such as Bridge Road in Richmond and Toorak Road in South Yarra ( Knight Frank Research 2013 ) .The bing floor infinite is dispersed north off along Ryrie Street and Moorabool Street and along Malop Street and farther north from propinquity to Westfield and is hence improbable to be economically feasible as retail floor infinite at any one clip in the hereafter.Introduction 75km to the south-west of Melbourne, cardinal Geelong is on a north confronting incline between Corio Bay and the Barwon River. The topographic point appears with dramatic landscape: the state, seashore, as the best finish to populate through comfortable and cohesive communities in an exceeding environment. Strongly believe in the strength of metropolis and its psyche is in people, a batch of attempts and accent has been placed on making vivacious societal nucleuss for local communities and metropolis cardinal where diverse groups of people can interact. Geelong Vision 2: With Vision 2, series of workshops have defined the challenges in trying to direct the transitioning of metropolis of Geelong from an industrial yesteryear to an urban hub’ ( Vision 2 Project Report, 2013 ) by 6 different integrated undertakings demonstrate on the regeneration of the CBD country. In this scheme, the Green Spine places the axial rotation of transforming the Malop street into the chief street that connects the train station to Eastern Park. It is designed to link the hub of the City Arrival to the freshly invigorated metropolis laneways and urban bosom in the effort to promote prosaic traffic to walk toward the metropolis Centre, reinvigorating the shopping country and making a sense of ambiance to the visitants to and dwellers of the metropolis. The City of Greater Geelong The City of Greater Geelong has demonstrated strong committedness to regenerating Central Geelong. Partnerships with State Government and other participants have been instrumental in exciting investing in the now iconic waterfront, major street plants, major events and prosecuting cardinal foundational capital undertakings such as the Library and Heritage Centre, Yarra Street Pier and Convention Centre. Cultural HERITAGE ( 22.09 ) Aims Central Geelong is located within the traditional district of the Wada Wurrung ( or Wathaurong ) Aboriginal Clan groups. Wool broking had shaped much of the early architecture. Large countries of the metropolis Centre have streetscape preservation value which is indispensable as heritage values of the metropolis. New investing and urban reclamation could be attracted to the metropolis Centre and supply a originative reuse of the city’s built heritage. Keep the visibleness of St Mary’s Basilica Spire from beyond the metropolis Centre. Map of Individual heritage listings and precincts Community Arts and Culture Key Subjects: The cultural humanistic disciplines precinct is home to the Geelong Art Gallery, Library, Heritage Centre, Performing Humanistic disciplines Centre and the Courthouse Youth Arts Centre Geelong plays host to a figure of major events such as cycling, seafaring, triathlon and music festivals. Events a figure of major events such as cycling, seafaring, triathlon, music and sail ship is hold annually to promote visitant and activate of the metropolis Centre. Central Geelong Marketing has run activities such as the School Holiday plan, Sidewalk Gross saless and Night Markets that conveying in about $ 4 million yearly to Central Geelong. There are besides regular markets including a husbandmans market. Open Space Key Subjects: Johnstone Park is surrounded by a figure of of import civic edifices: City Hall, Geelong Gallery, Peace Memorial and Regional Libra Central Geelong features some outstanding Parkss and public infinites. These include the Geelong waterfront, Eastern Park, Botanic Gardens and Johnstone Park The new image of Geelong Station Precinct will be immensely different from the 1 that exists at present. Rather than an unfastened wrapping of asphalt punctuated by a few base entirely edifices, it will offer a much more mature individuality, one that has the possible to go every bit much a signature for Geelong as the Waterfront ; RAILWAY STATION PRECINT The Geelong Railway Station Precinct has long been identified as a major chance for alteration in the Greater City of Geelong. It is Geelong’s hub for province, regional and local conveyance systems and is ideally located to move as a focal point for the western border of the CBD. It sits strategically between La Trobe Terrace and Mercer Street, two of Geelong’s major inner links, and is close to the Civic and Justice Precincts, Deakin University and the Geelong Waterfront. i‚Â ·iˆ The Precinct is inactive for most of the twenty-four hours, outside of peak hours. i‚Â ·iˆ The precinct will be to the full landscaped, to a standard equivalent to the Geelong Waterfront. i‚Â ·iˆ The renovation chances of the Precinct demand to be determined. i‚Â ·iˆ The function of the freshly developed Precinct within Geelong needs to be assessed, and i‚Â ·iˆ The sequence for future land development needs to de determined. BUILT FORM The Court and Police Station composite was built in 1991 at the south-eastern corner of the Precinct. As the expiration point of the axis formed by Fenwick Street and located in such a strategic location, this installation could hold made a really positive part to its urban context. However this composite of 2 floors brick edifices provides merely one active frontage – that to Railway Terrace – while its eastern sideaˆ?is virtually a space wall to Mercer Street. Its northern border acts as its ‘back-of-house’ and is unaccessible to the general populace but however seeable from many nearby vantage points. At the City-wide graduated table, indicates the bing patterning of urban grid signifiers in this western Geelong area- the City Centre Grid itself, the somewhat offset grid get downing and stretching due wests from La Trobe Terrace, and the Grid formed by Mercer Street and its feeder roads which penetrates into the two chief grid signifiers from the North. There are comparatively few edifices within the Station Precinct, as shown by the Figure Ground Plan. The bing country occupied by the Station installations, the Victorian Railway Institute edifice, the Station Courts/ Police and Kia franchise covers merely a little proportion of the Precinct ; with the staying country being dominated by entree ways and parking. possible prosaic nexus Vehicular nexus

Invent a term that defines a personality type (such as soccer mom or Essay

Invent a term that defines a personality type (such as soccer mom or helicopter parent) - Essay Example It is based upon 2 different words -- a sponge and a kid. A sponge is a highly absorbent material that seems to keep on taking everything that is given to it without ever giving anything back. A kid is a child who is solely reliant in his parents for his existence. In the case of a Sponge Kid, I define that person to be over the age of 18, still living with his parents, without any regular source of income, and still receiving an allowance from his parents. Normally, an American child is considered to be capable of earning his own income and providing for his needs such as food and housing by the time that he or she turns the legal age of 18. There was a time when the children of that age automatically moved out because they went to college out of state and therefore had to fend for themselves. But times have gotten tougher for everyone and parents can no longer afford to help pay their child's tuition fee if the child opts to attend college out of state. In such situations, the now young adult child finds himself attending either a community college or a vocational school. He or she is no longer required to move out of the house due to the proximity of their parent's residence to their educational institution. Additionally. the money that the parents save on tuition fees trickles down to the child who now continues to receive an allowance from his parents. Giving the child the idea that he does not have to work nor help pay for the expenses around the house. Time was when a child could continue to live in his parent's house only if he agreed to pay some small token of rent at the very least upon turning 18. Parents no longer expect that of their kids these days because of the current economic climate in the country. I have a cousin who is now 21 and still jobless. As far as we all know, he had managed to complete a business degree at the local community college but he has yet to put his theoretical know-how to actual use. He still lives in the same house with his parents, in the same bedroom that he has occupied since the day that they brought him home from the hospital. Every time he is asked why he still does not have a job, he simply replies, â€Å"The economy just doesn't have any job to offer right now. It's not like I am not looking.† Not that he is to blame for his situation. His parents have not helped him become a more mature and responsible individual by their actions either. They have cuddled him and provided for all his needs without question. They claim to understand that he needs time to â€Å"get his groove† and â€Å"find that perfect job†. By supporting all his needs from a bed to sleep on, to the money in his pocket, they have helped create the perfect sponge child. A child who takes and takes from his parents without ever feeling the need to provide for himself nor reciprocate the act of kindness and financial help that his parents extend towards him because they â€Å"understand his situationâ₠¬ . A Sponge Kid is not to be confused with a Boomerang kid who actually leaves his parents home but finds himself returning to the family home due to certain financial difficulties. Boomerang Kids actually have lives independent of their parents and some of them, like in the case of my sibling, return home to save on money but actually contribute financially to the household in whatever capacity they can. In other words,

Rent and Urban Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Rent and Urban Economics - Essay Example According to this theory, there are factors which constitute the differences in locations and it includes localized materials, amenities and transport cost (Answers.com). Von Thnen posits that transportation costs constitutes or consumes Ricardo's economic rent that's why "because these transportation costs and, of course, economic rents, vary across goods, different land uses and use intensities will result with distance from the marketplace". In the table we observed differences in rates across the different locations. The theory suggests that part of this difference is accrued to the transportation cost. Real Estates including residential areas near the industrial and commercial districts are priced higher than those which are farther. This is explained by the differences in transportation cost as the former requiring minimal time, effort and financial costs in travelling. We expect that the commercial districts house the necessaries that consumers usually go to such as the office, schools, groceries, malls, shops and others. In this theory, the West End is obviously in the advantage against the City, making its rent prices higher. The difference in prices is necessary as can be explained by the simple law of supply and demand. If the rent prices are the same with the West End and the City, there will be shortage of space in the West End resulting to overcrowding while none will stay in the City. In the presence of excess demand, the owners of land will be able to increase the price, thereby creating a disparity between the West End and the City price. Simply put, the law of demand will work for the land owners, maintaining the price differences between the two locations. Amenities are also better in the West End than the City. Being the centre of industry and commerce, amenities will be located in the cities making it more attractive and nearer to residence in the West End. This adds convenience to those who are in this place, thus it has to be compensated by a higher price. Von Thnen also mentioned the difference in land use and intensity causing differences in prices (Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.). Since the land in the West end is mainly used for commercial purposes, where tenants expect a higher return than in the City, land prices can be increased. Von Thnen also mentioned the importance of centrality in pricing, saying that "it was density of population increasing the profitability of commerce and providing for the division and specialization of labour that commanded higher municipal rents" (Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.) FLUCTUATING RENTAL RATES The simple law of supply and demand can be used to explain cyclical pattern in rents. Both locations, the City and the West End show fluctuation in rental rates. Some empirical studies have identified reasons for this. We are going to study each factor and relate it to existing economic theories. It has been found that employment growth account for the fluctuations in rental rate (Robert H. Edelstein). Accordingly, employment growth affects per capita income in a positive direction. With income being a determinant of demand, high employment growth will cause high demand for housing and land. With the increased capacity to purchase, over-all demand for space will be increased thereby increasing the prices of houses, offices and lands. This is observed at the time in 1973 and 1974, in 1987-1990, 2000-20001, and 2007-2008 in

The Viewpoint assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Viewpoint assignment - Essay Example The relationship between the United States and Japan had been a complicated mix of completion, cooperation, and conflict. This began in 1853, immediately Commodore Mathew Perry came to Edo Bay and insisted on a termination to over a couple of years of Japanese isolation. Only ten years prior to this, Britain had imposed Nanjing unequal treaty on China following the First Opium War (Doyle & Xiaoming 78). The disposal of Perry’s naval power convinced leaders in Japan to sign the Kanagawa treaty of 1854 that provided for the opening of two ports to ships from the U.S. The first U.S minister to China, Townsend Harris, negotiated extra agreements to extent the rights of the United States to Japan. Thus, the U.S had showed to Japan how economic weak points had left it helpless. The Chinese were further disgraced by having to surrender legal authorities over the foreigners that resided in their nation and the port cities. The Chinese citizens were even forced by the treaties to give way to Christian missionaries from the West to proselytize in the interior parts of China. Hostility to such foreign dictations forced a rebellion that re-established the Meiji emperor and commenced rapid industrialization and modernization in which leaders in Japan borrowed and learned from foreign countries, especially the U.S. The ability of the Westerners to inflict their economic demands on China forcibly was too harsh to the Chinese perception of themselves as an extremely developed civilization. In addition, the Western concept of a structure of international relations carried out among supreme nation-states challenged the identity of the Chinese as universalistic, advanced civilization. It was also hard for the courts in China to adapt to a system that had developed in the West by the 1800 where supreme nation-states interrelated as equals (Doyle & Xiaoming 90) The intellectual history of the Qing dynasty in the late 18th century shows how

Using the knowledge of Hillsborough disaster, how far the resignation Essay

Using the knowledge of Hillsborough disaster, how far the resignation of Norman Bettison was appropriate - Essay Example With numerous peoples reportedly climbing on fences, the crush barrier collapsed. Following the investigations, Duckenfield told higher authorities that the sudden destruction was caused by people who rushed at the congested area (The Independent, 2012, p. 1; Hall, 2012, p. 1) The Taylor report however pointed failure of police control as the main cause of such tragedy (The Independent, 2012, p. 1; Hall, 2012, p. 1) Background of the case The independent investigation was reopened last September 2012 which exonerated the liabilities of Liverpool fans and revealed the omissions made by authorities to cover up the incident, including the concealment and alteration of statements from 164 respondents (Hall, 2012, p. 1). Findings further concluded that of those 96 fatalities, 41 could have been saved if immediately brought to hospital for medication. The report further bared that the situation could have been forecasted from the vantage of the security monitoring control box where records of mounted CCTVs are managed (The Independent, 2012, p. 1; Hall, 2012, p. 1). Dismayed by the findings, West Yorkshire chief constable Norman Bettison tendered his resignation on October 24, 2012 but denied blaming the football fans for the tragedy (The Independent, 2012, p. 1; Hall, 2012, p. 1). ... 1). Police authority vice-chair Les Carter  likewise publicly announced that Bettison’s resignation was appropriate for the institution that is currently saving its image and its performance management from the controversies (The Independent, 2012, p. 1; Hall, 2012, p. 1). Total Security Management Police enforcers that are tasked to enforce security management should have been acculturated of its role as authorities that can readily assess the indicators of vulnerabilities, risks, and possible disasters with the massive influx of people in an area (Whetten & Cameron, 1991, p. 1-87). The police should also have cared undertaking strategic plan about how to manage the people and ensure their security and safety (Whetten & Cameron, 1991, p. 1-87). They could have also made some measures to control the crowd and have readied all medical supports at bay for any possible dangers that may befall (Whetten & Cameron, 1991, p. 1-87). With supposed strategic plan at hand, those deploy ed at the site could have prevented the occurrence of the incident or could have, at the minimum, efficiently mitigated the disaster risks (Whetten & Cameron, 1991, p. 1-87). Their roles should have been clarified and they should have geographically analysed the capacity of the venue. But apparently, the lack of unified, strategic, and (post-accident) pro-active response to the situation proved that they lacked the capacity to employ total security management in the area. True, the situation might have been overwhelming but as the case is brought into administrative investigation, the team should have faced it with professionally and honestly-- without concealing and omitting necessary information that could shed light to such tragedy (Mindtools, 2012, p. 1). They should have

Discuss the extent to which the concept of duty of care in negligence Essay

Discuss the extent to which the concept of duty of care in negligence has developed in a manner so that both the claimant and de - Essay Example This means that tort is about a duty of care which one owed to another but failed to discharge accordingly. This is widely described in most books as negligence. This paper would examine the concept of negligence and how it affects the development of the concept of duty of care in order to ensure the fair treatment of both claimant and defendant in court cases. Concept of Neighbour In the landmark case of Donoghue V Stevenson3, the neighbourhood principle was developed. In the case, Mrs.Donoghue bought a bottle of ginger beer which was manufactured by Mr. Stevenson. After drinking it, she found that there was a snail in the bottle. Mrs. Donoghue fell ill and she sued Mr. Stevenson. The House of Lords sat on the case and held that Mr. Stevenson, being the manufacturer of the drink owed Mrs. Donoghue a duty of care. This is because it was reasonably foreseeable that failure to ensure product safety would cause another person to suffer and go through undue hardship. On the basis of this case, the concept of neighbourhood was established. Lord Atkins stated that in every action and inaction, a person must examine its implications and potentials of harming another individual who might be affected by them. Based on this, the concept of who a person's neighbour is was defined and established in law. Through the Donoghue V Stevenson case, it is established that a person owes another person a duty of care, once the neighbourhood relationship exists. This sets the parameters for the examination of tort cases. Duty of Care The neighbourhood test in the 1932 case of Donoghue V Stevenson has been modified to the basis of proximity. Proximity establishes that there was a close and sufficient relationship that made a person suffer some kind of injury from the action of another who was close enough to wield a duty of care to avoid that injury. In Caparo V Dickman4, a three fold test was developed to ascertain whether it is fair and just to impose a duty of care on a person for a given action in tort. These are: 1. The harm of the action in question must be reasonably foreseeable as in the case of Donoghue V Stevenson 2. The parties involved in the case must have a close relationship of proximity. 3. The duty of care imposed upon them must be fair, just and reasonable. Breach of Duty Once the three elements of a case are established, the court would need to establish that the duty of care was breached. And this breach is tantamount to negligence. Negligence is the failure to take reasonable care where a duty of care exists in a relationship5. Thus, the breach of a duty of care or negligence gives rise to a tortious liability and it leads to a given legal case. The breach of duty is failure to show a degree of care that a reasonable person ought to show in the same circumstances6. In other words, the breach of a duty of care creates an objective test which allows the court to measure the extent of a given act in tort. This is because, a reasonable person m ust show a certain level of basic consent for his actions. Without that, the real parameters of a case of tort cannot be defined. Thus, the test for reasonableness is important and fundamental in establishing the extent of negligence and the extent of failure. In Phillips V William Whiteley7 a woman suffered an infection as a result of her ear being pierced by a jeweller. The woman argued

Medicare Reimbursement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Medicare Reimbursement - Essay Example Part A will cover the inpatient expenditures of Mrs. Zwick since she was in SNF a whole of 40 days. Part A covers full expenses for SNF for the first 20 days and after that it requires the policy holder to pay $148/ day up to 100 days. Part B will cover the equipment charges for the patient. Under the DME (Durable Medical Equipment), the walker that has been prescribed for Mrs. Zwick, will be paid for by Medicare. Mrs. Zwick will have to pay 20% of the amount that has been approved by Medicare, whether she chooses to rent it or purchase it. Part D will cover the drugs that have been prescribed by the doctor under the Medicare Prescription Drug Plan (PDPs). Mrs. Zwick has authorization that these drugs are medically necessary for her, but she will need to ascertain the quantity of the drugs. Step therapy will be applied to see if similar low cost drugs will be effective in the treatment, only then will Plan D cover the prescription drugs. The actual cost will depend n the type of drug used. Since Mrs. Zwick developed a Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infection which was an HAI (Hospital Acquired Infection), and which could have been avoided by following infection control steps recommended by the CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Medicare, 2013), thus the hospital will have to cover all the inpatient and SNF costs that have occurred after the acquired condition. In 2008, Medicare centres started to adopt a â€Å"no pay† policy for infections and complications acquired from the hospitals (O’Rielly, 2012). These hospital acquired conditions can be prevented and should be paid more attention to. CAUTI is one of the 10 conditions that are targeted by the CMS (Centres for Medicare & Medicaid Services) policy. CAUTI is the most preventable hospital acquired infection, a research â€Å"Estimating the proportion of healthcare-associated infections that are reasonably preventable and the related mortality and costs†, revealed that 65% - 70% cases of CAUTI are preventable by adopting certain practices (Umscheid, Mitchell, Doshi, Agarwal, Williams & Brennan, 2011). 80% of Infection control professionals are of the opinion that such a policy from CMS has led to a greater focus on healthy practices and prevention of such acquired conditions (O’Rielly, 2012). Under the Deficit Reduction Act (DRA), hospitals will have to report secondary diagnosis, which will not be subjected to payment by Medicare unless they were present on admission of the patient (Paddock, 2007). But the medication and walker prescribed by the doctor will be covered by Medicare. After being admitted to the hospital, Mrs. Zwick developed an HAI, which could have been prevented by following control steps by the hospital. Ethical implications of such hospital acquired infections can be great. Mrs. Zwick suffered from pain tremendously due to the infection and had to stay in the SNF for an extra 19 days. Due to the carelessness of the hospital, the infection was caused, which led to taking of HIV antibiotics for Mrs. Zwick. Taking so many high potency medications at the age of 77 can be extremely harmful for the patient, as it can lead to further complications. The new rule may force the hospital or centre to compensate for the financial aspect but by all means the implications of such infection in terms of pain, time and extra high potency medication have to be borne by the patient him/herself. Scenario 2 COBRA (Consolidated

Dr Zhivago And Political Ideologies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Dr Zhivago And Political Ideologies - Essay Example The movie encompasses the entire situation by concentrating upon the activities and condition of general public, which had witnessed tremendous changes in social, financial and cultural scenario of their country. The revolution had actually been organized against the prevailing social discrimination, injustices and inequalities in the Tsarist imperialist Russian political structure, which had given birth to the exploitation of haves-not or suppressed classes at the hands of haves or elite stratum. â€Å"For centuries, autocratic and repressive czarist regimes ruled the country and most of the population lived under severe economic and social conditions. Consequently, movements for overthrowing the oppressive government were staged at different times by students, workers, peasants, and members of the nobility.† (emayzine.com) Somehow, failure of these efforts added to popular discontent with the government’s corruption and inefficiency. In 1917 these events resulted in t he fall of the czarist government and the establishment of the Bolshevik Party, which would bestow respectable place upon workers and peasants, according to the expectations of the people. Anarchy, Chaos and Revolution: Though the revolution had brought the glad tidings regarding the implementation of the noble principles of social justice and equality, in the aftermath of the fall of age-old Tsarist imperialism, yet it failed to exhibit freedom and justice according to the high hopes established by the Russian subjects. Consequently, civil war broke out in the country, between the pro-Tsar White Army, liberals, reactionaries and land owners on the one hand, and the farmers, peasants, students, revolutionists and Bolshevik Red Army led by the Leninist-socialists on the other, turning the country into a sorry state of affairs. The movie successfully draws out the turmoil, anarchy and disturbance the people underwent at the outbreak of civil war, which laid indelible impact on the pol itical and social scenario of the country. Additionally, the civil war created unrest and chaos by destabilizing the economic activities of the masses. Thus, the movie under-analysis accurately reflects the entire socio-cultural scenario of the Soviet Russia during and after the war, which ended in the success of the Red Army and imposition of Socialist doctrine in its true spirit subsequently. The movie also throws light on the negative aspects of socialism, which had not been taken into consideration before the establishment of very first socialist governmental system in any part of the globe. The movie reveals the affects of revolution and civil war on the socioeconomic condition of the general public, the position of whom appears to become more and more miserable and pathetic because of the social evils and curses including corruption, nepotism, favoritism, embezzlement of public treasure and misuse of power, adopted by the socialists in the prestigious name of revolution. The e ntire social establishment brought uncertainty and insecurity, and thus paved the way towards the restlessness and disorder in the everyday life of the Russian people at large. The writer looks ridiculing over the u-turn taken by the Bolsheviks as soon as they are at the helm of the government. The film shows how the Bolshevik leaders and workers used to support individual freedom

Quality and IT Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Quality and IT Management - Essay Example 2. Role of Quality Gurus Some of the most famous quality gurus include Armand Feigenbaum, Edwards Deming, Philip Crosby, Kaoru Ishikawa, Genichi Taguchi, and Shigeo Shingo (Beckford 2002, p. 54). All of these gurus brought different concepts of quality which not only helped the companies achieve competitive advantage in the past but also provide appropriate directions towards success to the companies belonging to the present world. We can take example of Masaaki Imai who came up with the concept of Kaizen in 1986, which led Japan’s way to huge success in the field of technological development. Kaizen is an umbrella, which includes all Japanese practices related to quality management. Imai focused on continuous improvement in all departments of a company. Shigeo Shingo was a Japanese quality guru who focused on zero quality control and brought the concept of Poka-Yoke which means to identify the errors before they become some real defects. Kaoru Ishikawa was another Japanese qu ality guru who also believed in some other concepts other than just provision of quality products to the customers. He focused on after sales service, company and the customers, and quality of the management. One of the main teachings of all quality gurus was quality control, which means to ensure quality in all stages of a product development. In the engineering domain, quality control results in accepting or rejecting a manufactured product (Unhelkar 2003, p. 303). In the view of quality gurus, the process of quality control includes certain actions which are necessary for the control and verification of required characteristics of any product or services provided by a company. Fryman (2002, p. 6) found that the main purpose of quality control is to eliminate all factors which can result in unsatisfactory product performance. Along with quality control, some American quality gurus, such as, Dr. Joseph Juran and Dr. W. Edwards Deming also focused on quality management that leads a company’s way towards success. The primary objective of quality management is to increase customer satisfaction with the company’s products and services. Deming’s quality cycle comprised of some key steps, which included Plan, Do, Study, and Act. Deming focused on bringing improvements in quality of products and services by reducing the elements of variability and uncertainty in design and features of the products and services. On the other hand, Juran believed in the philosophy of ‘fitness for use’ and advocated the use of ‘quality cost measurement’. Philip Crosby was a Western American quality guru who believed in the concept of ‘conformance to requirements’. Crosby came up with four main concepts related to quality management. The first one was that quality is not goodness or elegance rather it is conformance to the requirements of the customers. The second concept was that the system for creating quality has nothing to do with appraisal rather it is concerned with prevention. Third concept was the zero defects standard of quality whereas the fourth concept was that measurement of quality should be the price of nonconformance. Crosby focused on reducing the manufacturing expenses by doping things right at the first time instead of correcting them. In the past, the teachings of quality gurus really helped companies become more competitive in nature, lower the product manufacturing costs, improve

Make a website Essay Example for Free

Make a website Essay This is an output device which prints onto paper whatever are you require to be outputted it produces them as hard copies. Printers are designed to produce hard copies at a very fast rate many printers are able to print at the rate of 30 hard copies in 30 minutes. Laser Printer This machine produces high quality text and graphics hard copies at a very rapid rate they are able to print around 12 000 hard copies in an hour. Laser printer do not use ink cartridges they use toner instead due to the size of the machine and it is designed to print many hard copies at a rapid. Advantages. Prints hard copies very rapidly.   You get very good quality. Toner last a very long time. Disadvantages   Takes up a lot of space. Very expensive to buy. p2. tech. re4. yahoo. com/ /153285 Inkjet Printer This printer which works by dots it drops the ink onto the sheet of paper to create a hardcopy. This printer works by propelling small ink droplets onto sheets of paper. Ink jet printers use one of these types of technology: thermal, piezoelectric, and continuous. They all produce different quality of prints. Advantages   Produces very good quality hard copies.   Is very easy to use. Cheap Disadvantages Is slow doesnt print very quickly   Can break very easily not a very stable machine.   Not good for big business or large amounts of prints. www. cyberindian. net/ / Scanners- the scanner will be used to scan images into the computer for the website This is a machine which copies information into the computer for you to see on the Monitor. This device converts an image into a pattern of dots for the computer to understand and be able to store, it can convert images and text. Advantages   Very useful if you want to view your images on the Monitor. Cheap and easy buy. Disadvantages   Not always very good quality, the image is not very clear.   Quite big can take of space. Can take a while to scan images or text. www. photokina-show. com/news/epson/PERFECTION Digital Cameras- the digital camera will be used for taking pictures which will be uploaded onto the website This is a device which captures an image of what you are looking at through a lens. A light-sensitive pickup pipe or chip to adapt visual indicator into electrical impulses. Advantages   You can see the picture straight away.   You can delete and edit the picture. You dont need a film you can have unlimited amounts of pictures. Disadvantages   Can be expensive to buy. Run out of battery very easily. thecamerabloggers. com/ Graphics tablet- the graphics tabley will be used to draw images for the website This is a piece of hardware which lets you draw things with a pen and appear on the monitor It is an input device which works just like pen and paper however your image is transferred onto the computer. There is a flat base which acts as your sheet of paper this is called the tablet it is connected to the computer so that the image that you draw appears on the screen. The pen acts as your pencil used for drawing the image you create on the tablet appears on the monitor. Advantages   Lets you have images how you wan them to be.   Very good for drawing images. Disadvantages   Very expensive to buy and find.   Can lose pen very easily as it is not attached by a wire.   Can be hard to use. You do not always get what you want. www. logo. com/cat/view/volito-tablet. html Speakers- the speakers will be for the sound effects used on the website This is a piece of output device which allows you to be able to hear whatever you require to hear. It converts electrical signals into to sound signals which you hear through the speaker. Sometimes can be referred to as a loud speaker. Advantages   Hear sounds or anything spoken   Cheap and easy to use. Disadvantages Can break very easily.   Not designed for long-term use. www. global-b2b-network. com/b2b/96/97/519 What I will use and why Mouse I will use a optical mouse because a tracker ball can take some time to understand how to use were as a optical mouse is very easy to use as this is the most widely used mouse. I choose an optical mouse instead of a roller ball mouse because it can break easily due to its weak structure and the ball can get clogged up with dirt so it would not be very long lasting. This is why I have choosen to use an optical mouse. Keyboard I have choosen to use a QWERTY keyboard over a DVORAK keyboard for one main reason that it is much easier to use compared to a DVORAK keyboard which would take time to learn how to use. Another reason was that QWERTY keyboards are much easier to get hold of compared to DVORAK keyboards which also can be very expensive to buy. Monitor I will use a LCD monitor over a TFT-LCD because LCD monitors give much better quality than TFT-LCD monitors. Also a TFT-LCD is expensive so if stolen I there will be a great deal of money loss. It also can be much more easily broken compared to a LCD monitor. Printer I will use a laser printer instead of an inkjet printer because laser printers are capable of doing many prints at a very high quality rate. Also they are much more long lasting compared to an inkjet printer which would save me having to but a new printer every few months. Other pieces of hardware I will use a Digital camera instead of a graphics tablet. This is because with the graphics tablet I will only be able to draw very basic things which would be very well suited for a website. However with a camera I can capture very good quality pictures for a website which will look much more professional. I will also use a speaker for sound effects on my website as it will make the website appear more professional and an excellent feature.

Factors Leading To Integration Of Marketing Communication Marketing Essay

Factors Leading To Integration Of Marketing Communication Marketing Essay Keeping in view the dynamic environment of todays business, Marketer is required to develop the product that have the capacity to satisfy target market needs and wants, price that product attractively, and ensure its availability to the target customers. But the task does not stop over here; the organization must also communicate with their target about the company offerings. Communication is the process in which messages are exchanged to achieve a desired behavior direction or goal. The task of communication with target market is called promotion in Marketing. A company can use variety of promotion techniques including advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, direct marketing and public relations to achieve the companys communication objectives. From the last two decades, promotions strategies used by organizations around the world have undergone through tremendous changes. This is due to the fact that the technology has revolutionized our daily life, marketing promotion have no exception. Companies must be aware of the fact that the face of marketing communications is continuously shifting and, to be successful in the future, the Marketing manager needs to utilize the novel emerging communication techniques. According to Kotler and Armstrong (2006), Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC) is a concept in which a company carefully integrates and coordinates its many communication channels-mass media advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, public relations, direct marketing, packaging, and others-to deliver a clear, consistent, and compelling message about the organization and its products. The results of IMC are better communication that transform into consistent sales volume. The integrated marketing communication goes beyond these specific promotion tools. The design, and packaging of the product, its container and packaging, its price, and the retail stores that sell the product, all communicate something to buyers. Thus, although the promotion mix is an organizations primary communication, the whole marketing mix including product, place, price and promotion must be coordinated in order to achieve the desired impact. The organization IMC helps the firm in identification of the target audience, and then helps the firm in designing a well-coordinated promotional program that focus on managing the customer relationship over time. According to Pelsmacker et all (2006) Integrated Marketing Communication is the integration of specialized communications functions that previously operated with varying degrees of autonomy. If the organization fails to integrate its various communications tools, for example, the advertisements of the offering concentrate on one thing, while a price signaled transmit a different message while the labeling of the product depicts still another message. This will create ambiguity in the mind of the consumer and he will wander here and there in search of what the company is trying to convince me? As Kotler and Armstrong (2006) have pointed out IMC builds brand identity and strong customer relationships by tying together all of the companys messages and images. Brand messages and positioning are coordinated across all communication activities and media. Factors Leading to Integration of Marketing Communication: The following are some of the reason due to which it is inevitable to integrate the Marketing Communication of the organization. Fragmentation of the mass market: This mass-marketing strategy focuses on what is general in the needs of consumers rather than on what is different. The organization offer single Marketing Mix consists of one type of product with small or no variation, one pricing strategy, one promotion program aimed at every person and one distribution system aimed at the entire market. In the last two decades, the mass marketing strategy has lost its impact due to fragmentation of the markets across the world. Consumers around the world now have a more options of what to buy, what to watch to listen or read. The emergence of new market segment which was previously homogeneous, having distinct needs, requirements, and preferences. (Groucutt ; 2004). These fragments reduce the effectiveness of mass marketing techniques and erode brand loyalty. Media Fragmentation: Market fragmentation has resulted in media fragmentation because the of alternative media channels available to the consumer and all messages seen as one single message to consumer. Todays consumers are being irritated with a bundle of of television channels, and a steady stream of new magazines that hit the newsstands every week. Coupled with rising level of ad dodging and the future for some mass media might seem austere. Therefore advertising has to spread further, covering massive amount of channels to gain the same exposure. Explosion of New Technologies: The Technology is evolving today with much speed and has a very disruptive impact on our daily life. Something that has been considered as status symbol today is a myth of past now. Also this explosion allow customer to have greater control over the communication. Consumer can now select what to see, and what to hear more easily as in past. Emergence of Global Markets: Due to advent of IT the whole world has collapse to a global village. The culture around the world is merging and a unified culture is emerging. Although this has created some opportunities for organization, but is also posing some potential threat as they need now to be very cautious while designing there promotional programs and unless the promotional program are well coordinated and integrated it will not have any impact on the target market. The global market has also led to increase in advertising mess due more channels and more group placing ad on mass media. Shifts of Power from Manufacturers to Retailer: The power that historically rests with manufacturer has been shifted to retailer. The retailers due to this power now demands huge promotion fees and can offer better retail information from due to the usage of checkout scanner technology. Shifting of Promotion Cost from Advertising to other Forms of Promotion: Due to the increase usage of Internet, growth of customer databases, customer lack of time, companies are moving toward concentrated and niche segmentation, as consumer has the convenience to order what he needs and wants from direct marketers. This had led to change on the percentage of promotion spent on advertising. Traditionally this percentage used to be very high but now as the market conditions are changing it is eroding and taking the form of direct marketing, point of sales activities, online advertising etc. Emergence of Lower Cost and More Target Communication Tools: As the traditionally used media tools is losing its impact, the exploration of lower-cost and more targeted communication tools continues. Marketer now have the option to use promotional tools like event marketing and direct mail etc that are more targeted and have less cost as compared to of mass media. Development of Database and Relationship Marketing: One of the most important Direct Marketing is the Customer Databases. It is a controlled collection of absolute data about individual customers or prospects, together with geographic, demographic, psychographic, and behavioral data. These databases help companies in influencing and building customer relationships and the organization can also tailor its message or market offering according to the personal needs of the target market. Increase Usage of Internet: The usage of Internet around the world is increasing with the passage of time, and this had led to change how a company does its business and how the organization communicate and interact with its target market. Companies around the world are using the Internet as a competitive tool to change how they transact the business. They can a company does business and how they communicate and interact with customers as they can reach prospects at just the right moment and can offers a low-cost, well-organized way to reach markets. Agency Accountability: The terms and conditions of the relation that the company and agency used to have are changing, due to changes in the competitive setup of the industry. The organization now demands for greater accountability from the advertising agencies and changes in return and incentives of the agency. Marketing Strategy Results Measurement Organization now calls that the activities that the marketing department carries out should be measurements appropriately and expectations from marketing strategy. Change in Shopping Approach: The reason behind why the consumer goes for shopping has been change. Traditionally people used to went for shopping in order to get the desired products and/or services from the market. But now the shopping approach has been changed, it is now taking form of freedom and entertainment. Growth of Digital Media: Multi-track media society that is constantly developing and changing with the passage of time has led to advent of digital media. In digital media consumer have extraordinary control over the information and entertainment choice. With new digital media in place, people have thousands of viewing options they can select from. Future of IMC: The conception of integrated marketing communications (IMC) is fairly new. The IMC tools allows marketing manager to plan and then execute his marketing communication programs, which create and maintain mutually beneficial, long-term relationships with the target market by satisfying their needs and wants. This means that promotion tools are used to create loyalty. The future trends of IMC are discussed in the following: Competitive Advantage: The Various tools that organization has can be used as a competitive edge against the competitors. Competitive advantage is the edge and the ability of firm to provide superior value to its target market as compared to competitors. As IMC components are designed as a whole, the organization is able to focus its efforts in all the communication elements that create single, powerful brand equity by speaking with one voice. This single brand message provides a competitive advantage to the company as the target clearly understand that what the company is communicating. Brand Equity IMC strategies are essential to the companys strategic brand management because IMC strengthens the interface between the organizations strategy of brand identity and the target markets brand equity. The organization that uses IMC strategies will be able to measure the brand awareness and brand image of its various offerings. Specifically IMC strategies and brand identity are the most vital parts of the companys overall brand equity strategy. The brand identity strategy of the organization serves as a foundation for its overall IMC initiative and, for this reason, accounts for to the firms brand equity. Online Advertising: Online Advertising is becoming powerful IMC tool for advertisers and organization can use online advertisement as people are now spending more time online; the Internet became another channel via which companies can market their offerings successfully. (Google; 2007) Because of the Internets versatility, it will give an organization the opportunity to reach and interact with its target market. Companies can now produce an IMC campaigns that exclusively target the desired customer more successfully with less cost as compared to traditional communication efforts. Online campaigns will give organization new abilities to the organization due to the following reasons: Reach: The Internet used by more than 170 million people only in the United States. Relevance: Online Advertising shows ads to potential customers who are actively searching for what businesses have to offer. Return on investment (ROI): Using analytical tools, companies can understand more about the effectiveness and efficiency of their ads. (Google; 2007) Viral marketing: Viral marketing is an IMC technique that is mostly used for trendy brands, Marketers are increasing acknowledging Viral marketing as an important IMC tool because it offers the traditions benefits and effectiveness of advertising. In viral marketing the organization promotes its product using Word of Mouth Marketing (WOMM), utilizing individuals communication networks, and relying on their individual recommendations to sell the product. Companies actively seek viral marketing, by fueling discussion on their offerings. (Groucutt, J. et al 2004). Multi Chanel Promotion: As multi channel media increases in reputation, the problem of IMC is to make sure that the IMC campaign reaches its planned audience. According Perkin (2003) as media-blitzed, ad-cynical, time-poor, channel-flicking audience living in a fast-paced, attention-challenged world The fact is that due to fast pace of technology, and globalization of the world, consumer behavior around the world is changing. Today customer have more control over what to see, and read and therefore IMC need to tailor the organization campaign as per the requirements of the market. Media Selection There are a huge number of magazines, each having its own focus, allowing segmented audience to the organization. The owner of these Magazines not only offers media planners a place to get the target audience, but also provide insights regarding audience and how to connect with them in the most excellent manner. Companies can use these magazines in there IMC efforts by effectively marketing their product and to utilize and ensure correct targeting, positioning and promoting the company offerings. (Perkin, N. 2003). Sponsorship Campaign Sponsorship of sporting events like football, cricket, or even horse race is recognized as a strong medium of promotion due to its focus of providing target audience on one platform event and the capability to attach with company target market by adding value to their behavior and interests. The finding of the response that how a particular customer or a group of customers will reveal some interesting aspects about the company sponsorship and will also reveal the form of sponsorship appropriate for the company products. Although sponsorship, like other form of promotional mix, has to prove its value in IMC, consumers are inner to a sponsorship strategy. Targeting the accurate event will take a lot of research on behalf of the organization while the exposure created by sponsorship is very short lived (Crow 2003). Market Positioning The art of targeting customer to portray a product in a certain desired manner in known as positioning is the one of the most important factor while launching a new product and/or service for any organization. With the entire media overloaded, the consumer has closed mind to the new products, therefore, the company offerings should be exceptional, and supported by original, relevant, creative and really inspired IMC efforts. Advertising diffusion is exceptional and media fragmentation is growing now a days. In order to get a desired level of recall and brand awareness marketer need to target several medium. This is due to fact that consumer media habits are diverse and had led to higher IMC budgets and also waste of the precious organizational resources. Direct marketing Direct marketing has become one of the most effective and efficient way for reaching target market due to dynamic environmental factors, changing customer preferences, and technological developments. (Brassington, F. Pettitt, S. 2003). The key to successful direct marketing for an organization is targeting. The success of marketing manager while using direct marketing depends on his capability to identify the just right audience for the company product and then design the direct marketing campaign to achieve that goal. Site-Targeted Campaigns: The keyword-embattled ads can become visible on Google exploration results pages or on search and content sites inside the Google Network. Site targeting will give an organization the ability to: Advertise on most wanted sites. Reach customers near the beginning in the buying process, with advertisements designed to increase responsiveness or to promote a brand, but not unavoidably to generate clicks or traffic.

Interview With A Language Learner English Language Essay

Interview With A Language Learner English Language Essay To begin with, I read my assignment to interview an English Language Learner. This seemed like it was going to be a challenge since I did not know an ELL. I shared this assignment with my husband. He told me there was a parent on my sons wrestling team who spoke Spanish. This seemed like a great idea so I went to the wrestling practice on Wednesday with my son. When I arrived I seen the lady talking, but was nervous about approaching her since I had never met her. Finally after about 10 minutes I walked over to her and introduced myself. Then I told her I needed to interview an English Language Learner for my college class. She told me she would be happy answer any of my questions. The person I interviewed was Marietta. Marietta was born in San Juan, Puerto Rico on May 21, 1968 to Maritza Suarez and Angel Benero. She has two brothers and one sister. Spanish was the main language spoken in her home as a child. As a child she began learning English in the private preschool she attended. There she learned to read and write English. While I school learning came slow to Marietta since she was dyslexic and didnt learn to read or write until she was 13 years old. Textbooks were written in English in Puerto Rico. English is taught different in Puerto Rico than in Spain since it is close to America. Marietta married November 29, 1997 to Juan Navarro. They have three children. Two sons Jorge and Luis and a daughter Paola. Juan is in the United States Coast Guard. Jorge is the oldest. He is in the 12th grade. Academics are difficult for him while he is in ESE classes. Their son Luis is in the 3rd grade and suffers from Attention Deficit Disorder. Paola is a 6th grade and she is on the A/B honor roll. Only Jorge and Paola are able to speak Spanish and understand it. Luis can understand Spanish, but isnt able to speak it. Both English and Spanish are spoken in their home. As a family they watch both English and Spanish television shows. I have to declare this was a wonderful interview. Even though, I was nervous about interviewing someone I didnt know it was a pleasant experience. Marietta was very eager to share with about her family. She advised me when I teach ELL students it is helpful to use graphics with Spanish to English vocabulary. It was exciting to hear Marietta mention that she was attending Florida State College of Jacksonville to get a degree to be a Chef. For the summer term she was taking English Composition I. After she told me about her attending college I told her I would be happy to help her with the English if need me to. Questions In what country were born? When is your birthday? At what age did you learn to speak English? Was English spoken in your home as a child? Do you have trouble speaking the English Language? When did you learn to write English? Was English difficult for you to learn? Do you have any children? Does your husband speak English? What is the primary language spoken in your home? Can your children speak your native language and English? Is there any advice you would give teachers who are teaching English Language Learners? Multicultural Activity Title: Winter Holidays around the World Grade level 2nd grade Topic: Winter holidays are not celebrated the same everywhere. Summary: These 3 day lessons are designed to teach students about the culture of Mexico, Israel and China; and the winter holidays celebrated by their cultures. Students will learn about Las Posadas, Hanukkah and Chinese New Year. Materials required: Mexico: a balloon, newspaper, glue, candy, recipe for Mexican hot chocolate. Israel: Dreidel pattern, dreidel game rules, bag of dry beans, recipe and ingredients for potato latkes China: black construction paper, paint, drinking straws, glue, glitter, 18X12 pieces of colored construction paper, stapler, yellow tissue paper, crepe paper streamers World globe, individual coloring sheets of the flag for each country. Books needed: Mexico; The People by Bobbie Kalman Nine Days to Christmas by Maria Hall Israel: Hanukkah, Oh Hanukkah by Susan Roth The Miracle of the Potato Latkes, A Hanukkah Story by M. Penn China: Chinese New Year by Tricia Brown Lion Dancer: Ernie Wans Chinese New Year by Kate Waters and Madeline Slovenz-Low Objectives: Students will recognize how three different countries and their winter celebrations. Students will be able to locate each country on the globe. Day 1 I will tell the students we are going to pretend to be world travelers for the next three days. We are going travel to Mexico, Israel, and China to learn about their Winter celebrations. Today we are going to visit Mexico. Does anyone know where Mexico is located? Lets find it on our globe. I want to tell you about Mexico before we read our books. We will learn that in Mexico their winter celebration is called Las Posadas. They start celebrating nine days before Christmas. They celebrate every night from December 16th to December 24th. Each night children and their families reenact the story of Mary and Joseph trying to find a place to stay for the night. Then finally they went to a home and were welcomed by the innkeeper. At this place there is a celebration on the final night of Las Posadas. The families and friends celebrate with special food and Mexican hot chocolate. There is a pià ±ata for the children. Now I will read some books about Mexico before we go to our centers. Read books to the class. The People by Bobbie Kalman Nine Days to Christmas by Maria Hall I would have three centers set up for the students. Role play center, pià ±ata center, and flag center. Role play center students would pretend they were Mary and Joseph looking for a place to stay. The students would take turns being Mary, Joseph and the innkeeper. Pià ±ata Center- Students would take turns adding newspaper dipped in glue to a balloon which has already been blown up. Flag Center- Students would color and label their flag of Mexico. Teacher would write on the board the colors and their meaning. Green=independence, white=purity, red=blood, eagle with snake=fight for independence. At the end of the day we will have a special drink Mexican hot chocolate which will have already been made using the recipe below Mexican Hot Chocolate 3 (1 ounce) squares unsweetened chocolate 6 cups milk 1/4 cup granulated sugar 2 teaspoons ground Mexican cinnamon 1/4 teaspoon salt 1 1/2 teaspoons Mexican vanilla extract Using a sharp knife, break up chocolate squares into smaller pieces. In a medium saucepan, combine chocolate, milk, sugar, cinnamon and salt. Heat and stir until chocolate melts and milk is very hot.  Ã‚   Do not allow to boil. Add vanilla extract and beat until frothy with a rotary beater, or with an electric mixer on low speed. Pour Styrofoam cups. Makes 48 ounces. http://www.authenticmexicanfoodrecipes.com/mexican_hot_chocolate_recipe/ The students will take turns hitting the Pià ±ata which will have candy in it. When the Pià ±ata is busted students can get the candy and put it I their backpacks to be eaten at home. Assessment Have students write an informative paragraph about Mexico and Las Posadas. Collect and grade paragraphs. Day 2 Today we are going to pretend to visit Israel. Does anyone know where Israel is located? Give students time to answer. Lets locate it on our globe. Would you like to know what winter celebration happens in Israel? I would be happy to tell you. In Israel they celebrate Hanukkah. This is a Jewish holiday. It is also called The Festival of Lights. We will find that this holiday is celebrated for eight days during the month of December. The eight day celebration is significant because when it was time to light the temple lamp a long time ago there was only enough oil to keep it lit for one day. Amazingly, the oil burned for eight days which gave them time to find more oil. For this reason, Jews celebrate Hanukkah for eight days by lighting candles in a menorah every night to honor the eight day miracle. A menorah is a candle holder which holds nine candles on of them is called the servant candle because the other are lit by it. After the candles are all lit there is a party to celebrate. Children play with dreidel while enjoying a favorite treat called potato latkes. A dreidel is a four sided tops. Potato Latkes are like potato pancakes. Now I want to read some books to you about Hanukkah. Hanukkah, Oh Hanukkah by Susan Roth The Miracle of the Potato Latkes, A Hanukkah Story by M. Penn I would have three centers set up. The centers would be a game center, map center, and cooking center. Students would take turns going to each center. Game center -Students would make a dreidel from a pattern. A dreidel has four sides marked with Hebrew letters: Nun, Gimel, Hei, and Shin. These letters stand for the Hebrew phrase Nes Gadol Hayah Sham which means a great miracle happened there, referring to the miracle of the oil. Students would play the game after making their dreidel. The letters on the dreidel man Nit (nothing), gantz (all), halb (half) and shtell (put). Everyone puts in a bean. A person spins the dreidel. If it lands on Nun, nothing happens; on Gimel person gets all the beans; on Hei gets half the beans; and on Shin, you put a bean in. Game ends until someone has all the beans. Map center- Color and label map of Israel. Blue and white are the colors on the Jewish prayer shawl and the Star of David is the traditional symbol of the Jewish people. Cooking center will be manned by a parent volunteer. Recipe for Potato Latkes 3 cups Simply Potato hash browns 1 cup frozen chopped onions (thawed and drained)  ½ cup egg whites  ½ cup flour 1 tsp baking powder 1 tsp each salt and black pepper Vegetable oil Directions: Mix hash browns with eggs, mix well. Add flour gradually while mixing until batter is doughy, not too dry. Add baking powder, salt and pepper. Mix well again. Then heat about  ½ inch of oil to medium high heat. Form the batter into thin patties about the size of the palm of your hand. Fry batter in oil. Flip when the bottom is golden brown. Place finished potato latkes on paper towels to drain. Students can enjoy this treat when it is warm enough to eat. Assessment Students will answer the following questions. Where did this holiday originate? ______________________ When is this holiday? ______________ How many days is Hannukah celebrated? _________________ Why is it celebrated? ______________ What is name for the candle holder?_________________ Answer key Jerusalem December 8 8 days oil burned Menorah Day 3 Wow, we are about to travel to another country. Lets pretend we are going to visit China. Does anyone know the location of China? We will locate it together. In China they have a celebration called Chinese New Year or Spring Festive. This important holiday celebration begins about mid-January or mid-February and last about 15 days. It begins with New Years Eve and ends with the Lantern Festival at the full moon. Chinese New Years is celebrated with fireworks. It is believed that the Chinese invented fireworks thousands of years ago. We will now read some books about the Chinese New Year Chinese New Year by Tricia Brown Lion Dancer: Ernie Wans Chinese New Year by Kate Waters and Madeline Slovenz-Low There will be three centers set up painting, map center and creative center. Paint Center Students will each have a black piece of construction paper. They will put small drops of paint on to their paper and then blow the drops with a straw. Before the paint dries, they will sprinkle glitter on the picture. This will represent fireworks. Map Center Students will color and label map of China. Teachers will write on board. The red color of the flag symbolizes revolution. The large star symbolizes the Communist Party which rules China and the smaller represent the people of China. Creative Center Students will make a lantern. They will color a picture on their piece of 18 X 12 colored construction paper. Fold the paper lengthwise with the decoration out. Starting at the fold, make evenly spaced cuts about 1 apart, ending where you began. Teacher will draw ending lines for students. Open the paper and staple together the short edges. Stuff middle with yellow crumpled tissue paper. Staple a strip 1 X 6 construction paper to make handle. Add crepe paper streamers to bottom. Hang lanterns in the classroom. Assessment Give students a Venn Diagram to complete. They will compare Chinese New Year to New Years in America. www.enchangedlearning.com/asia/china/flag.shtml www.iupui.edu/~geni/lsort/a_mcultural_stude_cny.hmtl http://teacherslink.ed.usu.edu/tlresurces/units/Byrnes-celebrations/Chinese.html www.lessonplanspage.com/SSChristmasAroundtheWorldK1.htm http://teacherlink.ed.usu.edu/tlresources/units/byrnes-celebrations/light.html http://www.uen.org/Lessonplan/preview.cgi?LPid=22510 www.jewfaq.org/holiday7.htm 3) Planning Article Summary and Reflection: Classroom Planning with ESL in Mind This article Classroom Planning with ESL in Mind had some strategies, instructional tips, use of language, and information about ESL students with special needs. Also there was information on assessing, evaluating and reporting student progress. First, the strategies and instructional tips discussed the challenges which English Second Language students face. They have three challenges: trying to gain the knowledge need for various subjects, learning the English Language while developing the ability to interact with their peers. Teachers should remember that they are always role modeling the English language while teaching. In doing so they need to make sure their lessons are presented using various formats in order to encourage students to reflect on their knowledge so the can respond effectively in class. Next, a teachers use of language is important in the classroom. They should be cautious of their vocabulary they use since students might have trouble comprehending what is spoken. Idioms can especially present a problem with English Language Learners. A teacher should rephrase idioms or teach their meanings. ELLs would take the idiom literally instead of way its intended meaning. For example, If you tell the students to hit their books They might hit their books with their hands. Instead the meanings you want to convey is start studying or do your work. If idioms are going to be used in the classroom then as a teacher it would be good to have an idiom wall which gave the meanings for each. It would also be a good idea to clearly mark transition times during classroom activities which can prevent confusion to your ESL students to clearly indicate changes. Third, when a question is asked the English as a Second Language students needs to have time to process the question asked before responding. Usually they need to translate it into their first language, formulate the answer in their first language and then translate an approximate answer into English. It is also mentioned how as a teacher I need to teach the vocabulary words and their meaning for subjects such as biology which has words that are not regularly used in everyday communication. A great exercise to help with learning new vocabulary is to use a cloze exercise with the lesson since it will leave out important key word for students to fill in from the passage. A Cloze exercise can reinforce ESL students grasp of the content and new vocabulary. Students will also benefit from written instructions since they might have difficult processing oral information quickly enough to understand. When giving student homework those written notes or directions would be useful. Fourth, ESL students have the same range of abilities as others in the same population. However, some many require extra assistance in other areas. Some may demand consideration for disabilities such as visual impairments, hearing deficiency, lack of psychomotor skills, or certain talents or gifts. There could be ESL students with other requirements that may affect their learning. If a student was a refugee and has been traumatized in the past she might have the need for additional support and counseling. Fifth, you will find information about assessing, evaluating and reporting on student progress in this article. These are important and can be done in the students classroom to make it more comfortable. The evidence of how an ESL student is developing his language proficiency can be determined using short in class test. Avoid multiple choice assessments with ESL students because they involve excessive reading and usually depend on comprehension of slight meanings. ESL students also will need extra time for the test because as with most questions they need to process it into their first language, formulate the answer and translate it back to English before putting it on paper. If you want to check a students comprehension or to clarify a problem speak in their native language. Provide a translation of key words which might be difficult to explain in English. There is a need to find out what the students may know but, have difficult expressing in English. This additional support for th e ESL student is generally for a limited time. Lastly, teachers who have previously taught students with English as a second language have a list of helpful instructional materials. Some of these materials are dictionaries designed for learners of English, bilingual dictionaries, alphabet letters in print in cursive, and games to name a few. These items in a classroom will help students with English as a second language feel more comfortable and independent. There are five points which I found most interesting. The first one is that research states the more highly developed as students first language; the more successful they will be learning a second language. It has been proven; bilingual students who continue to improve their first language are more successful than those how focus entirely on acquiring English. These students also have higher self esteem when they know their first language is valued. Second, it is important how a teacher responds to students language errors. If a teacher is critical a student might be less eager to attempt to speak in English. Instead this article advises teachers to rephrase a students incorrect grammar in a way to provide positive feedback and to model correct usage without drawing attention to their error. For example if a students says Pig are dirty animal. You can respond, Yes, pigs are dirty animals Can you name another dirty animal? If a student continues with this same error then maybe you can work with him on correct subject verb usage. Third, the use of peer tutoring is a great method for teaching. A more advanced ESL student can help new ESL students. They know how hard it is to learn English as a second language. Many times students enjoy learning from their peers. Students also seem to be more open to share their frustrations with each other than with their teachers. The more advanced student can be the translator between the student and teacher when necessary. Forth, I liked the reminder that it can be exhausting and demanding performing all day in a second language. This is helpful to know because as a teacher I would not think of this since I am not bilingual. In addition, the fact that homework can take ESL students two to three times longer to complete because they need to first translate it into their first language, formulate it and then translate it back. Homework might also be frustrating to ESL students since they might not understand the directions. They might feel they had done enough work during the day. Also their parents would probably not be able to help them because they dont know English. Fifth, I like the list of instructional materials from teachers who have previously taught ESL students. This list will help make sure I have these resources available in my classroom for the students to use. More resources a student has to help translate words to English the less they will feel dependent on you the teacher or their classmates. I enjoyed reading this article which had a wealth of useful information for teachers of ESL students planning their classroom. As a new teacher I can benefit from the information in this article. This is an article I will place with other information which I will refer to frequently when I become a teacher. It would also be good for me to share this with other future teachers who are not in this class. 4) Article of My Choice: Language Use by Bilingual Special Educators of English Language Learners with Disabilities Paneque, O. M., Rodriguez, D. (2009). Language Use by Bilingual Special Educators of English Language Learners with Disabilities. International Journal of Special Education , 63-69. http://www.internationalsped.com/documents/2009%20No3%20Paneque%20Rodriguez%20Language%20use%206.doc After reading chapter 9 in our textbook I decided to research an article about Bilingual Education of English Language Learners. I went to the University of West Florida library database. The article I found was Language Use by Bilingual Special Educators of English Language Learners with Disabilities which was from the International Journal of Special Education. My reason for choosing this topic is that I presently work in a special education classroom. My degree which I am seeking is a Bachelors with a dual major in Exceptional Education (k-12th), Elementary Education (k-6th). This article is about examining the language use of five bilingual special education teachers of English language learners with disabilities which was done as an exploratory case. The data on the language used by the bilingual teachers was received from audio tapes, classroom observation and teacher interviews. Also included in this data was the frequency of the use of English and the other languages in the classroom. The teacher faces challenges when working with students at risk of academic failure. This is particularly difficult when the student has disabilities and is not a fluent English speaker. A teacher must be able to address students language and cultural differences along with their cognitive, emotional, and /or physical disabilities to set them up for maximum success. There is an increasing demand for special education teachers due to the increase of students indentified with disabilities and low retention these teachers. Consequently, this demand for teachers who prepared to work with students with different backgrounds with disabilities stresses the need to provide teachers preparation programs for preservice teachers and professional development opportunities for in-service teachers. This study was conducted in a large, urban school district which offered a vast range of educational programs to include those needed for students with disabilities and who speak English as a second language. Two schools were indentified because of their student population. At the first school, eighty-seven percent of the student body was Hispanic and eighteen percent of the students received special education. At the second school, ninety-five percent of the student body was Hispanic with fourteen percent receiving special education services. Tow teachers from the first school and three from the second school volunteered to be part of the case study. All five teachers were female Hispanics who were employed fulltime as special education teachers. Three of the five teachers had ESOL endorsement but, only two of the five had both special education and ESOL certification. The results from the data collection revealed that the teachers were both using English and Spanish for instruction with their English Language Learners with disabilities. However, further analysis of the data indicated overall that teachers were using English ninety percent of the time while teaching. Spanish was primarily used to clarify instructions with those who did not have fluent English. It was also used to redirect students to their given task as well as to praise and reprimand them. Each of the five teachers felt the use of Spanish for instruction was positive. They planned on using Spanish when the need arose. Furthermore, these teachers expressed they had an advantage when communicating with parents since they were bilingual. Many of the parents were not fluent in English. The teachers ability to speak the native language of the parents helped form better communication. If the students native languages are used for teaching strategies and instruction it can encourage language development because it builds on what they already know. Clearly, when the students native language is used to introduce new concepts and give explanation this will facilitate learning. Therefore, the result of this exploratory case study is the beginning attempt to lend information about the issue of using native language for instruction for children with disabilities. Research explains how special education teachers can use bilingual skills while working with English Language Learners and how their learning is affected by language based differentiated instruction. The findings from this case study indicates that teacher preparation programs should include how teachers can incorporate students native language along with English to accommodated their cognitive, emotional and /or physical needs. In my opinion, this article mentions some important findings from its exploratory case study. To begin with are the qualifications of the five teachers. Only two of the five teachers had both special education certification and ESOL endorsement. These are important certifications when your student population consists of students with disabilities and English Language Learners. Next, teachers using English for instruction with limited use of the students native languages while in the classroom. Their native language is needed as the article states at the end to summarize complex concepts. Lastly, it would be difficult for teachers to accommodate students with disabilities and limited English proficiency without proper training. Certifications are important but, training is imperative for teachers to be equipped to instruct their students. Someone once said a quote I feel applies to everyone including English Language Learners and those with or without disabilities. Everyone deserves an education despite their ability or disability 5) Language Modes Activities Reading- Partner reading- Students take turns reading to each other. Chose a short story to read from http://www.eslfast.com/. This website has 365 short stories for students to choose from. This is good for reading practice. Student can use http://www.starfall.com/. This website has stories that are read to you. You can read along as you listen. Writing- Daily writing in a journal. Write a story about a picture from a book. Have students write down the directions needed to do an activity. Examples: walk to the library, cook something, play a game. The teacher will give students a writing prompt. My favorite birthday memory wasà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Students will finish the sentence and add to it. They will write a detailed paragraph answering why, when, where, how, who questions. Speaking- Role playing- Students pretend with another student that they are discussion their day with their mom or dad. Show and tell- students bring in an item from home. They get in front of the classroom and talk about their item. Other classmates can ask questions. Example a child brings in a sharks tooth to share with the class. Be the teacher for 15 minutes- Have the students take turns during the week being the teacher for 15 minutes each. They will teach the class about something they know how to do. For example, a student from China could give a lesson about using chopsticks. Another student could give a lesson about braiding hair. Listening- Play a game of Simon Says- students need to hear the person say Simon says, Touch your head. If they touch their head when someone says ;Touch your head. They are out because Simon didnt say it. The game continues until only one person is left. They are declared the winner and now they are Simon. Listen to books that have been recorded on a compact disc. Teacher can have questions for students to answer while they listen. Students will listen to songs which are used in the classroom. They can also sing along. 6) Graphic Organizers: Venn Diagrams I could use this when comparing two different items. For example, I could compare the traditions of families in Mexico and America. The right circle would be Mexico, left circle America. Traditions for each country would be listed in their circle except for the traditions they both share which would be place in the overlapping circle in the middle. http://www.superteacherworksheets.com/graphic-organizers/venn-lines.pdf KWL Chart This is a great chart to list K-what the student knows, W-wants to know, L-what they learned. They can use this before investigating about the Civil War http://www.edhelper.com/ read new book teachers/graphic_organizers_kwl.htm Event map This will help students to organize who, what, where, when, why, and how of an event. They can use this when they are reading an article about Hurricane Hugo. http://www.teachervision.fen.com/graphic-organizers/reading-comprehension/2279.html Timeline organizer- Students can use this to sequence the dates of the Journey of Columbus. This will help them remember the dates if they have the information on the timeline. The timeline can be used as a study guide. http://www.teachervision.fen.com/graphic-organizers/printable/6301.html Story map This story map will help you organizer information from a story. You can list the outcome, problem, events, character, action, and setting. This will help them with their reading comprehension. If they dont remember the information they should go back and scan the story. http://www.educationworld.com/tools_templates/index.shtml StoryMap Persuasive Letter Graphic Organizer This is a great organizer to use when writing a persuasive letter. Students can chart who their audience will be and why they want to persuade them. They can also brainstorm their reasons and then list them from least to most important. This will help them organize their thoughts before writing their letter. The student might want to persuade their parents to let them buy a new video game. P